CROP PHYSIOLOGY
Year:2019 | Volume:10 | Issue:4 (40) |Papers Count:10

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. ) is a tropical drought tolerant crop, potentially proper for arid areas. The objective of present survey was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation regimes and salicylic acid levels on morphological, physiological and seed yield of Guar. The present experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The main irrigation interval included three levels (six, nine and 12 days) and a sub-factor, salicylic acid containing four concentrations (zero, 0/5, 1 and 2 milliMolar). Foliar application of salicylic acid in three stages of five leaves, flowering and scalloping of plants was carried out. The results of the research showed that plant height, number of leaves per plant and photosynthetic pigments significantly decreased. The use of one milliMolar salicylic acid increased the number of leaves per plant and the concentration of two milliMolar salicylic acid increased plant height, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll in Guar. The highest number of lateral branches and crude fiber was obtained at the concentration of two milliMolar salicylic acid and irrigation intervals of six days. The highest biological yield and grain yield were related to one milliMolar salicylic acid concentration and the irrigation interval of six days (1245/25 kilogram per hectare) that there were no significantly difference with two milliMolar salicylic acid concentration and six days irrigation interval (1227/75 kilogram per hectare). The results showed that the highest amount of grain yield was obtained at a concentration of one milliMolar salicylic acid concentration and six days irrigation interval.

In order to investigate the effect of Rhizobium bacterium and mycorrhizal fungi on yield and yield components of red bean Goli cultivar under water deficit tension, the present experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at research farm of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz during 2015. Water deficit tension by three levels of irrigation after 70, 110 and 150 millimeter evaporation from class A evaporation pan as the main factor and seed inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli bacterium, mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizobium bacterium + mycorrhizal fungi and lack of inoculation as sub factor levels were considered. Water deficit tension with decrease of pods in bush, one-thousand-grain weight and seed number in pod reduced seed yield in bean. The grain yield in 110 and 150 millimeter evaporation in comparison of irrigation after 70 millimeter evaporation decreased 73/37 and 38/08 percent, respectively. Dual inoculation treatment of rhizobium and mycorrhiza, showed the highest seed yield (2327 kilogram per hectare), the highest number of pods per plant (16/08), number of seeds per plant (80/06), one-hundred seed weight (23/75 gram) and chlorophyll content (32/45). Seed inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium bacterium increased seed yield (40/24 percent) rather than non-use of these factors and also, their separate consumption (rhizobium 22/34 percent and 25 percent mycorrhiza) that reduced the bad effects of water deficit tension on bean. According to the results of this experiment, micro-organisms can be used to reduce the effects of water deficit tension in bean cultivation.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and humic acid to mitigate the impact of drought tension during pollination of forage maize, the present experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Isfahan University of Technology. Drought tension levels included: without tension (control), mild tension (75 percent crop capacity) and severe tension(50 percent crop capacity) in the main plots and type of growth regulator (without growth regulator, salicylic acid and humic acid) in sub plots were investigated. The results showed that drought tension significantly reduced relative water content of leaves, chlorophyll, leaf area index, leaf weight, stem weight, ear weight, forage yield and water use efficiency compared to optimal irrigation. The use of salicylic acid in comparison to control and humic acid under mild tension conditions significantly increased leaf relative water content (61/2 and 39/3 percent), leaf weight (60/5 and 41/6 percent, respectively), stem weight (14/5 and 25/09 percent, respectively), ear weight (13/1 and 23/7 percent, respectively), proline content (16 and 32/3 percent, respectively), forage yield (24/5 and 24/2 percent, respectively) and water use efficiency (respectively, 15/21 and 34/28 percent, respectively). Application of salicylic acid treatment due to reduction of tension damage for forage yield and water use efficiency in drought tension conditions showed a significant difference at five percent probability level compared to humic acid. Regarding the obtained results, although drought tension reduced yield, the effect of salicylic acid could compensate for the reduction of yield due to drought tension.

Drought tension and iron fertilizer play an important role in determining the grain yield and quality of oil seed products. Therefore, a split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of iron nano-chelate and folic acid on some quantitative and qualitative traits of two sesame cultivars under drought tension at Research Farm of Shahed University, Tehran in 2015-16. The main factor of the experiment included drought tension in three levels: full irrigation (control), irrigation up to 50 percent seedling, and irrigation up to 50 percent flowering. Sub factors included four levels of foliar application (non-application as control, iron nano-chelate, folic acid, and the co-application of iron nano-chelate and folic acid), and also, two Dashtestan and Halil cultivars. The results showed that the effect of drought tension, foliar application and cultivar were significant on grain yield, protein percent and yield, oil yield, chlorophylls content a, b and total, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity at probability level of one percent. The irrigation cut at 50 percent flowering had the lowest seed yield, protein yield, oil percent and yield. In most of the investigated traits, Halil cultivar had a significant superiority compared to Dashtestan cultivar at probability level of five percent. The highest grain yield and oil yield were observed in co-application of iron nano-chelate with folic acid in Halil cultivar (2507/2 and 1151/4 kilogram per hectare, respectively). The irrigation cut at 50 percent flowering in non-spraying conditions increased the activity of catalase enzyme (above 80 percent) compared to the control treatment.

One of the new methods for optimum management and increasing the efficiency of water resources utilization in agricultural uses is the use of irrigation methods. Considering the importance of this issue, this research was carried out to determine the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the yield of sunflower cultivars under drought tension conditions and as split split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2016. The applied treatments included drought tension levels: severe tension, moderate and non-tension, three cultivars of sunflower Farrokh, Hissan and Barzegar, and two species of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mossea and Glomus intraradices. Different levels of soil moisture discharge (80, 60 and 40 percent, respectively) were considered for applying different treatments. Different irrigation treatments were applied after stem elongation and then the growth and yield characteristics were measured. The results showed that application of mycorrhiza had a significant effect on the increase in seed and oil yield of sunflower cultivars, stem dry weight, stem length, seed number and diameter. The highest grain yield was obtained from using Hissan cultivar and G. mossea fungi under moderate drought tension conditions (6399/05 kilogram per hectare). Extreme and moderate drought tension without mushroom application caused 46 percent and 20 percent loss of yield of sunflower cultivars compared with control (non-tension conditions without fungi use). Moderate drought tension and application of mycorrhiza Arbuscular fungi reduced 13 percent of sunflower seed yield to full irrigation, saving only irrigation water by 30 percent compared to full irrigation. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi can compensate for the loss of yield resulting from drought tension through water saving.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Humic acid and micronutrient nano fertilizers on rainfed chickpea response under field conditions located in Kamyaran-Kurdistan during 2015-2016 year. The experiment was split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was foliar application of Humic acid in three levels including (control, four and five kilograms per hectare) and the sub-factor of foliar application of micronutrient nano fertilizers in four levels including (control: distilled water, nano-iron, nano-zinc, nano-iron + nano-zinc). The results showed that the effect of Humic acid on plant height, number of main branches and number of pods traits was significant. So that application of five kilogram per hectare Humic acid significantly increased these traits. In this experiment, the application of micronutrients nano fertilizers also showed significant difference in traits of number of axillary branches, number of pods, grain and protein yield. Finally, the maximum number of pods, grain and protein yield were achieved in response to the interaction of five kilogram per hectare of Humic acid and iron+zinc nano fertilizer. So that compared to the control (no application of Humic acid and no application of iron nano fertilizer + nano-zinc) increased the mentioned traits 78/69, 65/54 and 84/5 percent, respectively. The results of correlation between traits also indicated a positive and significant correlation between grain yield with number of axillary branches and number of pods per plant (0/76 and 0/97 percent, respectively.

In order to investigate the effect of salinity tension and zinc nano oxide on physiological parameters of Rapeseed and Camelina, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse conditions of Department of Biology of Urmia University in 2012-13. The factor of zinc nano oxide was investigated at three levels of zero, 25 and 100 milligram per liter as foliar application and salt tension factor at zero, 75 and 150 milliMolar concentrations. The results showed that the reaction of two plants to salinity tension was quite distinct. So, in 150 million salinity tension, the highest chlorine ion accumulation was observed in Camelina plant in the root, but in Rapeseed, more chlorine ion was accumulated in the leaf. The ratio of potassium to sodium in Canola leaf was higher in comparison with the root, whereas in Camelina, the ratio of potassium to sodium was higher in the root. Relative water and proline content of leaf and root were increased by increasing salinity tension in both plants but the amount of increasing the relative water content and the accumulation of proline in leaf and root at Camelina were higher in comparison with Canola. With increasing salinity tension up to 150 milliMolar total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b showed a significant decrease in both plants. But the amount of this reduction in Rapeseed was significantly higher than that of Camelina. Foliar application of zinc nano oxide at 25 milligram per liter in both Rapeseed and Camelina in addition to the traits of potassium / sodium ratio in leaf and root, in other investigated traits, the effect of salinity tension was reduced significantly, which can be used to reduce the effect of salinity tension.

In order to investigate the effect of drought tension on germination characteristics and seedling growth of 10 alfalfa genotypes, two separate experiments were carried out in vitro petri dish culture medium (seed testing) and potting (vegetative growth stage) as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in a specialized laboratory in Khuzestan University of Science and Research in 2014. The factors in both experiments consisted of five levels of drought tension including: zero, 0/4,-0/6,-0/9 and-1/1 MegaPascal and 10 genotypes of alfalfa include: KFA1, KFA3, KFA12, KFA15 (Nagorno origin alfalfa), KFA4, KFA5, KFA16 (Hamadani origin), KFA9 (Chaleshtar Shahrekord origin), KFA7 (Rehnani origin) and the tropical Yazdi. The seed testing results showed that drought tension significantly reduced germination factors, including germination percentage, germination rate, average daily germination, root length and dry weight. In vegetative growth stage, traits of root length and seedling length, seedling dry weight decreased with increasing drought tension. The highest Sensitivity Index (SSI) was assigned to KFA3 and KFA7 genotypes with mean values of 1/11 and 1/1, respectively.