JOURNAL OF WETLAND ECOBIOLOGY
Year:2018 | Volume:10 | Issue:36 |Papers Count:9

One of the phenomena that lead to the deterioration of surface water quality specially reservoirs is eutrophication caused by nutrients increasing like nitrates and phosphates in water resources. In this study, nitrate, phosphate and other factors such as temperature, turbidity, biological oxygen demand were measured monthly in six stations during the years 1393-1394 and the status of eutrophication in Kani-Brazan wetland and its influencing factors were investigated. The concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen of the wetland water were classified to the fourth trophic level of Oligotroph, Mezotroph, Eutroph and Hypertroph, and by comparison with international standards of Nuremberg, wetland eutrophication status was determined. Results showed that the average annual value of the water temperature was 17. 4° C, pH=8. 02, turbidity=16. 03 and BOD was 5. 8 (max=8. 2 in spring and min=6. 9 in summer). The values of all forms of nitrogen varied between 0. 4 to 0. 8 mg/lit indicating the trophic health of the wetland. The amont of phosphorus in wetland was upper than the limit of 0. 03 mg/lit indicated that continue of this process could have consequences for the wetland ecosystem and affects attractive aquatic environment greatly. One of the phenomena that lead to the deterioration of surface water quality specially reservoirs is eutrophication caused by nutrients increasing like nitrates and phosphates in water resources. In this study, nitrate, phosphate and other factors such as temperature, turbidity, biological oxygen demand were measured monthly in six stations during the years 1393-1394 and the status of eutrophication in Kani-Brazan wetland and its influencing factors were investigated. The concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen of the wetland water were classified to the fourth trophic level of Oligotroph, Mezotroph, Eutroph and Hypertroph, and by comparison with international standards of Nuremberg, wetland eutrophication status was determined. Results showed that the average annual value of the water temperature was 17. 4° C, pH=8. 02, turbidity=16. 03 and BOD was 5. 8 (max=8. 2 in spring and min=6. 9 in summer). The values of all forms of nitrogen varied between 0. 4 to 0. 8 mg/lit indicating the trophic health of the wetland. The amont of phosphorus in wetland was upper than the limit of 0. 03 mg/lit indicated that continue of this process could have consequences for the wetland ecosystem and affects attractive aquatic environment greatly.

Dez River, is one of the most important rivers in Khuzestan Province, because of the variety of fishes in this river which need to more study those parasites. Sampling was done by creel, between the summer and winter 1393. 60 pieces of fishes were collected and studied. Fish species such as Botak (Cyprinion macrostomum), Kaputa (Capoeta trutta) and Toeini (Barbus barbulus), has been studied. After catching the live fish, they transferred to laboratory then all their organs studied by wet/dry mounting and staining. In order to evaluate protozoa parasites, tissue samples fixed in formalin and histologic sections were provided. Separated parasites were identified by diagnostic keys. Parasites identified in the study included: Ichthyophthirius multifilis (skin and gills), Myxobolus sp. (gill, kidney, gallbladder), Dactylogyrus sp. (gill), Diplostomum spathaceum (lens of the eye), and Acanthocephala (Neoechinorhynchus spiramuscularis) (intestine). In the blood, liver and kidneys of studied fish were not observed any parasites. In comparison to other species, the highest level of contamination was in Cyprinion macrostomum. In histopathological examination, several lesions were observed in the gills and skin of infected fish and in some sections protozoa corpus was detected. Separated parasites from fishes in this research have been reported and studied in this river for the first time. Also Neoechinorhynchus spiramuscularis has been reported for the first time in this river and in Toeini fish. This study has great importance in predicting their possible transfer to the rearing ponds. Therefore, by preventing and appropriate control measurements can be prevented of their dissemination and transfer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the symptoms, variation of hematological parameters and some parameters of innate immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with chronic and acute forms of Lactococcus garvieae. The total of 270 Fish were allocated to three groups included Lactococcus garviaea acute infection, Lactococcus garvieaechronic infection and a control group without infection. Acute group was injected with 80% of LD50 and chronic group was injected with 40% of LD50 via intra peritoneal route. . Blood and tissue (brain, head kidney and spleen) samples were collected from each group (n=6 fish) at 0, 1, 3, 14 and 21 days after treatment. In tissues analyzing, lethargy, exophthalmia, ascites and high mortality were seen. The activity of serum lysozyme and myeloperoxidase significantly (p<0. 05) induced in treatment groups. Results indicated that hematocrit and hemoglobin levels decreased in treatment groups (p<0. 05); white blood cells clearly increased in treatment groups. According to these results, acute infection of rainbow trout with Lactococcus garvieae in comparison to chronic infection cause more variations on hematological and immunological parameters; whoever in chronic group the symptoms and change the noted parameters were documented.

Water birds are recognized as a taxonomic group and have always been considered by local hunters. Most of relevant species have inappropriate situations in the world in terms of protection. Therefore, hunters must receive the necessary information on the value and importance of biodiversity and conservation status of birds so that these animal groups and their habitats could be optimally managed with the cooperation of these individuals. Since water birds are among the main inhabitants of Shirin Su Wetland, measures must be taken to eliminate the threatening factors and support and protect these animals. Due to being in the middle of birds’ immigration path, Hamedan Province in west of Iran is regarded as a biological connection corridor. Every year, the wetlands of this province host a great number of water birds and waders. The Shirin Su Wetland is one of the rich water ecosystems in west of Iran. In this research, we first detected the water birds and waders using binoculars, bird-watching telescopes, cameras and camcorders. In addition, various species were observed through survey and using camouflage huts in areas with a high density of birds. Afterwards, a questionnaire was applied to evaluate the local hunters’ awareness of environmental values of wetland birds. After collecting the questionnaires and analysis of the data, results demonstrated that above 32% of hunters had a relatively good knowledge of the Shirin Su Wetland, whereas 12% and approximately 50% of the hunters had a relatively low and complete awareness of the birds in the mentioned wetland, respectively. However, 10% of these individuals had no knowledge of the birds in the Shirin Su Wetland. In this research, the main reasons for bird hunting were livelihood and commerce and entertainment, reported by more than 44% and approximately 56% of the subjects, respectively. Therefore, it could be inferred that hunting of birds and endangering their lifecycle can be prevented by providing recreation and occupations in other fields. By creating revenues for hunters, we can change their cultural level as well.

This study, conducted in 2014, made attempts to determine and compare the amount of the heavy metals mercury, cadmium, lead, cobalt and vanadium in water and sediments of 5 stations of the Bahmanshir River in the middle months of summer and winter. This river has been an estuary area subject to the ebb and flow of the tide, hence rich in ecological and fishing value, and the main source of water supply for Abadan and Khorramshahr as well. Research studies have demonstrated that this ecosystem is at high risk in terms of heavy metals. Heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption and with the help of the Perkin Elmer 4100 machine. The data were analyzed by SPSS 17. 00 and mean scores of the treatments were compared through One-Way ANOVA. The results showed the highest average of cadmium, lead, and cobalt in water at station No. 5, and there were mercury and vanadium at stations No. 1 and 4 respectively in summer. The study also displayed the highest levels of mercury, cadmium, lead, and cobalt in river sediments at station No. 1 and vanadium at station No. 2 in summer. The comparison of the obtained values through the standards indicated that these metals were higher than the standards. Also, the findings showed that the sediment levels of mercury, lead, cobalt, and vanadium in the river were higher in summer than winter. The reason for the increase of these metals in the summer is the presence of a small amount of water compared to the amount in the winter due to high evaporation and a decrease in the flow rate as well as an increase in the activity of many industrial units including petrochemical companies in this season. This increases the amount of contamination in the river as well. The transfer of water from the Karun headwaters, the return of drainage from agriculture and industry, and urban wastewater are the causes of pollution in this river. The sudden annual spillage of industrial liquid waste of the companies located at the beginning of the river and the increase in the use of chemical fertilizers and unauthorized fish farms are also a contributing factor to the interim contamination of the Karun River, hence ultimately entering the Bahmanshir River.

Leeches as one of the most important components of the aquatic ecosystem has gained so much attention. Due to their parasitism, they are commercially considered as dangerous factor in fishery and biologically as potential indexes for chemical pollutant in aquatic ecosystems. So their identification and population dynamics in different aquatic habitats would be valuable. Species diversity of fresh water leeches in three rivers in east of Tehran province, Lar, Jajrood and Hablehrood rivers, were studies through 6 months in 2015. During the sampling procedure from 10 station in 3 rivers, two species, Placobdella costata and Erpobdella octaculata were collected which the latter was more frequent in all the sampling points. Study on population dynamics of Erpobdella octaculata showed no significant difference among different sampling points; however, population in different sampling months showed significant difference and the most collected samples belonged to May; it was assumed that the highest population in May would be due to the higher population of their host Ephemeroptera, favorite temperature of water and low level of chemical pollutants.

Copper and nickel are of essential trace elements, which could be entered into aquatic ecosystems through various ways due to their broad applications in agriculture and industrial activities. The acute concentrations of these metals results in aquatic animal death and therefore, removing the planktonic community of aquatic environments. This, in turn, accounts as a serious threat to other living organism through eliminating the first trophic level of a food chain. In this study, we investigated the copper (CuSO4. 5H2O) and Nickel (NiSO4. 6H2O) toxicity effects on Daphnia magna neonates as a model in ecotoxicology in 2016. To address that, 60 neonates were individually exposed to 6 different concentrations of copper, including zero or control, 0. 4, 0. 6, 0. 9, 1. 35 and 2. 25 µ g/l, and 6 different concentrations of nickel, including zero or control, 18, 32, 58. 32, 104. 98 and 188. 96 µ g/l for 48h. According to the OECD protocol no. 202; immobilization was determined following 6, 24 and 48 h time intervals. The obtained results indicate that EC50-24 and-48 h for copper were 0. 931 and 0. 667 µ g/l respectively. The EC50-24 and-48h for nickel were obtained 163. 24 and 50. 06 µ g/l respectively. In conclusion, our findings showed that copper is more toxic than nickel in the case of D. magna neonates. Therefore, due to widespread use of copper as an antiseptic on fish farms, more attentions should be paid into the consumed concentration of this metal. This will likely prevent removal of zooplankton community in fish ponds as well as aquatic ecosystems.

Changes in inorganic compounds of nitrate and phosphate in the water of Shahid Kazemi Reservoir (Bukan, West Azarbaijan province). The aim of this study was to determine the water quality of the Lake, especially in terms of the basic parameter of water quality assessment including soluble phosphate and nitrate. Sampling of Lake water was performed over a year (From April to March, 2015) on a monthly basis from 8 sites (each with 3 replications) from the entrance and exit of the Lake. The results showed that the maximum and minimum of phosphate (Mean± SE) were 1. 493± 1. 303 mg/L in the autumn and 0. 053± 0. 003 mg/L in the winter, respectively. Also, maximum and minimum of nitrate were 11± 4. 041 mg/L in the spring and 4± 000 mg/L at autumn. Average changes in nitrate in spring and winter showed a significant difference among sites (P<0. 05). Also, comparison of these averages for phosphate in spring, summer and winter showed a significant difference among sites (P<0. 05).