JOURNAL OF THE STUDIES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING (JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL LANDSCAPE)
Year:2010 | Volume:5 | Issue:12|Papers Count:11

In our study of the reasons for the instability of rural regions we will encounter factors such as social, economic, communicative. informative, commercial, and finally geographical ones. In this article extracted from a research project, the researcher tries to investigate the role and the relationship of geographical factors in and with the population development and the grounds of replacement and abandonment of Eastern Guillan villages. Apparently, although rural society of Guilan province and the region under study (Eastern Guillan) enjoy a suitable status of servicing indexes, around 91 out 1291 villages have been deserted and abandoned in the last twenty years. The descending process rural population of the region has started since 1991, and is still in process. Totally, around 86 percent of total rural regions under study (1073) has suffered from negative growth rate of population.The research findings indicate that there is a close relationship between topography and climate with population development and dersertion of intersted villages. Meanwhile, among the reasons for changing the villages as permanent habitates to seasonal or deserted ones, the role of slope, the structure of geology, and land use should be taken into account.

Identifying the ecotourism potentials of bioclimatology comfort in various geographical regions can assist eco-tourism planning of natural attractions in order to protect environmentally attractive regions against environmental pollution resulting from human invasion and to maintain these regions for passing leisure time, etc. Chobar district is one of the districts in Shaft town which enjoys high importance and capability in attracting tourists chat increases the economic income of local people and protects natural environment This research aims at identifying potentials of bioclimatology comfort in order to use nature throughout all months of the year for the purpose of increasing tourist attraction. Baker and effective temperature methods are utilized in this research to identify months of bioclimatology comfort for night and day during the months of the year for a period of 15 years (1991-2007). The findings indicated that in the height region of this district with Baker index in days, months of April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and in nights, months of June, July, august, September are located in bioclimatology comfort area and with effective temperature index, in days, months of June, July, august, September are located in bioclimatology comfort area.But in the low height area of this district, with Baker index, in days, months of April, May, October, November and in nights, months of May, June, July, August, September, October are located in the optimum bioclimatology comfort area and with effective temperature index, in days, months of May, August and in nights, months of July, August, September are located in that area.

In southern comer of Khalkhal city in Ardabil Province from ... Aghdagh heights to Ghazalozan river banks there is a unique mountainous extent whose political center is Hashjin City. Presently, it continues to survive failingly in geographical isolation despite its distinguishing feature from other parts of province due to particular land characteristics. The height difference of 2400 meters in short distance of 7 kilometers along with extended deep valley of Ghazalozan with east and west parallels that act as humid trap has created climates and natural landscapes, especially forest ecosystem of Zagros kind that are completely different from general patterns of Azerbaijan and Ardabil provinces. In some cases the neighboring regions have the same condition but cannot compete it. The recognition of this ability and natural landscapes and the place of them in the sustainable development of the region considering ecotourism planning and presenting suggestions to eliminate or alleviate the obstacles and remove the threats are the main objectives of the present research, which are all analyzed through the SWOT technique. It is quite clear that in case of exploiting the Zanjan-Ardabil road connecting the province to Iran- Europe highway and most populated centers and changing the view that development is not only limited to the center of provinces or other special regions, this forgotten and isolated region will be revived. Thus, this research is based on observations and field studies in which aerial photos of 1:55000, satellite photos of 1:100000, topography maps of 1:50000, geology maps of 1:100000 are used. Maps present in the research content are also used by software ARC G1S.

The present study mainly aims at conducting synoptic analysis of climatecondition along with heavy rainfalls in Razavi and North Khorasan Provinces and spatial and temporal distribution. The criterion for heavy rain in this study is rain over 20 millimeters. Parameters of sea level pressure and surface temperature are used to study the condition of earth while there is heavy rain. To find the source of wet, especial wetness and wind direction in 700 hectopascal have been used. Meanwhile, as a desirable level, level of 500 hetopascal has been studied in studying synoptic models. Direction and speed of wind in 300 hetopascal are also used to survey the role of wind process in creating heavy rains. Data have been collected day to day in a period of 11 years (1995-2005). Identification of three patterns of spatial and temporal distribution of heavy rain falls and recognition of simultaneous climate conditions are the results of the study that are 1. Cold period: the center of heavy rain in south of the region in question and its simultaneous synoptic pattern is high rise of Mediterranean Sea, and Red Sea is identified as the source of humidity of these rainfalls. A cyclone is also observed in land level. 2. Warm period the center of heavy rain in north of the region in question which has three synoptic patterns of low eastern Caspian Sea, Bandali system in Northern Caspian Sea, and retard of pressure center next to Hare, Caspian Sea is identified as the source of humidity of these rainfalls. The presence of heavy was observed in land level. 3. Passing Period: the focus of heavy rain in the center of the region in question which combines the two former climate conditions. Meanwhile the presence of river wind plays important role in making heavy rainfalls.

In this study, the researchers have tried to use the correlation method of Lund to study the relationship between daily patterns of sea level pressure on rainfall in Northern Province of Guilan, Iran from 1976 to 200S in September. Lund correlation that is a specific method for identifying relationship between circulation patterns and climatic elements is used stuydy the relationship between patterns of sea level pressure and daily precipitation In September in Guilan. In this regard, the daily pressure of sea level, in the range of 0 to 70 east longitude and north latitude of 10 to 60 with spatial resolution of 2.5´2.5 was extracted from the atmospheric database of NCEP/NCAR. Daily rainfall data were developed from 23 stations of Meteorological Organization and the Ministry of Energy. Applying Lund method on pressure data, six patterns were extracted for September. The results show that the settlement of pressure pattern and moisture supplied from the Caspian and Black Sea highly impact precipitation so that if the pressure sent toward Guilan passes over the Caspian Sea and Black Sea, substantial rainfall in Guilan beaches will be provided Precipitation resulting from these patterns along the Caspian coast is more than the heights of the province. The presence of Siberian high pressure and low pressure on Europe and or the presence of high-pressure on Europe cause the production of rainfall in Guilan province. But, with the establishment of 10 low pressure on Siberia and crossing of hot tab system on the Caspian Sea precipitation is not produced or the rate of rainfall is negligible.

The pressure distribution on the Earth's surface and geo-potential height in various atmospheric layers influence many climatic and meteorological phenomena on the Earth's surface. Wind is one of the important climatic phenomenons affecting significantly other climatic phenomena. It is also an important factor in people's life and provides opportunities and limitations for human life. In this research, the mean of daily wind speed in Zabol station was first studied and the annual wind regime was determined. Then, the mean distribution patterns of daily pressure in the Earth's surface and also air patterns in 850, 700, 500, 300 and 250 hpa layers in Asia and Europe were illustrated. Then, the relationship between Zabol wind regime and the Earth's pressure distribution as well as air patterns in different atmospheric layers were studied. A relationship was found between Zabol wind regime and the Earth's pressure distribution as well as air patterns in 850, 700, 500, 300, 250 hpa layers.

It is quite clear that a series of different elements and forces play important roles in the formation and development of rural habitats. The present research aims at studying spatial development of rural habitats around the city of Nouraba Mamaseni, quantity, and quality, reasons, and elemnts of these changes and the effects resulted from this interaction with Nouraba Mamaseni on the spatial development of rural habitats after Islamic Revolution. Gaining population and living changes of these villages along with the increasing growth of Nouraba Mamaseni in past three decades have caused the rural habitats around the city to be exposed to comprehensive spatial development in such a way that some villages are disappearing and are getting melted within city. These villages have faced a lot of structural and spatial alterations or some villages have changed in another way due to some conditions such as high price of land, change in housing pattern, environmental changes, social development, and change in the functions of these habitats.

The study aims at surveying one of the preoccupations of the present century that is destruction of environment. To preserve it, mending and approving national rules of countries and forceful pacts and resolutions at international levels seem necessary. Regarding the importance of the issue and the fact that approving rules related to the preservation of environment requires Islamic Shariah based on principle 72 of constitutions, the question is what is the approach of Islamic rules related to this issue? Accordingly, the study is fundamental and the methodology is descriptive- analytic which uses the relationship between the increase in destruction of environment and beliefs in holiness of natural elements and religious recommendations depict the training aspects of dealing with nature. The study intends to survey the place of environmental elements and their importance in Islam and the manner with which Islam approves the new rules about the rights of environment.

Evaporation from the wet level of soil and plant called evapotranspiration is one of the most complicated processes of Hydrology cycle that is important in hydrology estimations in two sides. One goes to the water loss in water basin and the other refers to estimation of water need in projects in which kept water will be used in hydraulic structure. In this research, meteorological data are used from stations in question (Esfahan, Kashan, Shareza, Khor va Biabanak, Golpayegan, and Naeen). To determine the most suitable method of potential evapotranspiration in the region, a comparative analysis of diagrams was conducted among the methods of Thornthwaite. Blaney-Cridle, and Lawry-Johnson Equation. The results indicate that the Blaney-Cridle method (among others) was closest to the evaporation in such a way that it has shown suitable correlation with evaporation in different months of the year. The result of zoning the rate of evapotranspiration in Esfahan Province also revealed that the rate of evapotranspiration is increased from west to east and from south to north. In northeastern area (Khor va Biabanak station) this phenomenon reach the highest point due to the adjacency to desert, increase in heat of land level, and reduction in precipitation.