JOURNAL OF CROP ECOPHYSIOLOGY
Year:2010 | Volume:2 | Issue:3|Papers Count:12

In order to evaluate of manure and mycorrhiza fungi effect on pumpkin plants (Cucurbita pepo con Var.styriaca) in deficit water stress condition, a split-factorial design was conducted as base of randomized complete block design with four replications. Irrigation interval (at three levels: 60, 120 and 180 mm based on cumulative evaporation from class A pan) as main plots that exerted on pre-flowering, manure (at three levels: 0, 15 and 30 t/ha) and mycorrhiza fungi (at two levels: with and without application) as sub plots were considered. The results showed that irrigation factor had significant effect on grain number, grain yield, fruit yield, fruit diameter and fruit pericarp diameter (p<0.01). so that irrigation after 60 mm evaporation caused to increase of fruit yield and fruit pericarp diameter. Whereas irrigation after 120 mm evaporation had most grain number (314 grain/m2) and grain yield (524.3 kg/ha). The manure treatment had significant affect on fruit yield and fruit pericarp diameter (p<0.01). so that consumption of 30 t/ha manure led to significant increase on these traits. Interaction of irrigation and manure factors was significant on fruit diameter and the highest value belonged to irrigation after 60 mm evaporation with consumption of 30 t/ha manure. Mycorrhiza fungi had significant effect on grain number and grain yield (p<0.05). so that application of mycorrhiza fungi increased grain number (240.55 grain/m2) and grian yield (380.55 kg/ha).

In order to study the Effect of different plant density on quantity yield and some characteristics of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in different water conditions, this experiment was conducted at Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Takestan branch in 2006. Field experiment was carried out by a split plot design with 4 replications. The factors which studied were according irrigation with 50, 100 and 150 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan and plant density with 6, 9, 12 and 15 plant m-2. The results showed that water deficit stress significant effect on kaempferol yield, leaf yield, stem yield, biological yield, number of lateral branch, number of leaf and number of pod (a=1%), root length (a=5%) and root diameter and height plant were not significantly affected due to water deficit stress. Means compression showed that highest upon characteristics were achieved under irrigation according of 50 mm water evaporation. Also plant density significant effect on kaempferol yield, leaf yield, stem yield, number of lateral branch, number of leaf, number of pod and root length (a=1) and biological yield, root diameter and height plant were not significantly affected due to plant density. Means compression showed that highest kaempferol yield, leaf yield, stem yield, biological yield, root diameter and height plant were achieved under 15 plant m-2 and highest root length, number of leaf and number of pod were achieved under 6 plant m-2. The results this experiment showed that highest kaempferol yield was achieved under 15 plant m-2 and irrigation according of 50 mm water evaporation and water deficit stress decreased kaempferol yield sorely.

This experiment was conducted in Islamic Azad University-Karaj Branch in 2009. Experiment performed factorial under complete randomized block design with three replications. Experiment in clouded four levels of nitrogen fertilizers (0, 54, 108 and 161 kg nitrogen/hectar) and four level of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria including control, nitroxin (Azotobacter, Azospirillum), biophosphorus (Bacillus, Pseudomonas) and combined fertilizers (Nitroxin+Biophosphorus). Results showed application of growth promoting bacteria increased oil yield, nitrogen and phosphorus content of seed. Oil yield as a most important qualification factor increased %30.08 in combined biological fertilizer treatment (Nitroxin+Biophosphorus). Oil yield in combined biological fertilizer treatments was 1042.24 kg/hectare in compare with control (721.32 kg/hectare). Results also showed maximum oil yield (%15.72 increase) obtained when nitrogen chemical fertilizer was used about 161 kg per hectare  with 953.32 kg of oil per hectare in compare with control (803.5 kg of oil per hectare). In traction of treatments showed significant differences for seed nitrogen content. Results showed that azotobacter and azospirillum are good nitrogen fixation microorganisms and pseudomonades as well as bacillus are good microorganisms that can solubilizer’s phosphate and help plant increased oil yield of sunflower.

To evaluate the impact of different methods used and the amounts of nitrogen on some of the traits in Artemisia herb, this study was conducted in Islamic Azad University was Shahr-e-Qods in 2010. Factorial experimental design as a randomized complete block with three replications. Treatments included application of nitrogen fertilizer in the soil in the solid form includes four levels of values 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg urea per hectare as well as sprayed on four levels, including levels 0, 6, 12 and 18 percent urea solution were. Urea sprayed on leaf stage, 10 plants were flowering and early stages. The results showed that application of nitrogen to the soil solids and sprayed on the percentage oil yield flowering branches, height and branch number was significant. Comparison showed that the highest average yield of flowering branches, height and number of branches of the combined application of 200 kg per hectare as urea sprayed on solid and 12 percent respectively. The highest percentage of essential oils combined application of 100 kg per hectare as urea sprayed on solid and six percent respectively. The test results showed that nitrogen application rates of nitrogen sprayed on the farm herb Artemisia decreased but increased qualitative and quantitative traits that these results could be an important step towards sustainable agriculture is to achieve goals.

In order to evaluate the effects of methanol on yield and yield components in chickpea, a study was conducted in 2008 in Mahdasht (Karaj, Iran). Aqueous solutions 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25% (v/v) methanol and each solution contained 0.2% glycine. These solutions were sprayed over head 3 times in one weeks intervals after flowering. This experiment was carried out based on randomized block design with 3 replication. Results showed that there was significant differences between different levels of methanol and control on plant height, biological yield, weight of 100 grain and grain yield, whereas 10% (v/v) had highest on plant height, biological yield, weight of 100 grain and grain yield. Also effect of foliar application of methanol was notable in growth indices and growth indices in 10% (v/v) were higher than the some of levels and control.

This experiment was conducted in the cultivation year 2007-2008 in the Agricultural Research Station of Isfahan. This experiment had a split-plot layout in the randomize complete block design whit three replication. Factors  included the cut of irrigation in seven stages (D1: normal irrigation or irrigation after 80mm evaporation from class A pan to physiological maturation as an check treatment (D2: Cut of irrigation in stem elongation stage (D3: cut of irrigation in flowering stages, (D4: cut of irrigation in pod production stages,(D5: deletion of irrigation from stem elongation to flowering stage, (D6: deletion of irrigation from stem elongation to pod production stages, (D7: deletion of irrigation from flowering to pod production stage) As main plots and  four Autumn Colza cultivars included Opera, Okapi, Zarfam and Modena as sub-plots. The results showed that the effect of cut irrigation on number of pod in the plant, number of seeds in the pod, the weight of 1000 seeds, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and oil yield were significant P>0.01. According to the results, the most sensitive growth stage of autumnal colza to drought stress were first stem production stage and then flowering stage and finally the early of pod production. According to the obtained results cut of irrigation must be avoided during stem elongation, flowering and pod production but at the water deficient condition Cut of irrigation is more suitable at the end of pod production stage. Cultivar effects were significant, P>0.01, for the number of pod in the plant, number of seeds in the pod, biological yield, harvest index, grain yield and oil yield but the height of the plant and seed oil content were not significant.  Generally, Zarfam with highest weight for 1000 seeds and the most number of pod in plant produced the most grain yield.

In order to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on yield and its components of promising rice Line (843 number), an experiment was conducted for a period of two years (2006-2007) at the Rice Research Station of Tonekabon (Chaparsar). The experimental design was split plot on basis of randomized block design with 3 replications. Three Nitrogen fertilizer levels consist of 200, 250 and 300 kg N/ha were applied in main plots and subplots which consisted of split application of spacing at four levels (11×30, 15×30, 20×20 and 25×25 cm). Results showed that the rates of nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on 1000-seed weight, plant height, number of filled grain, biological yield and harvest index. Meanwhile different spacing had significant effects in the all mentioned traits except number of filled grain and harvest index. Statistical analysis indicated that grain yield decreased with increasing of spacing and the highest grain yield was obtained in 20×20 cm (8004.2 kg/ha) spacing treatment. Grain yield increased with increasing nitrogen application but this increasing wasn’t significant. The ideal spacing of 20×20 cm was determined with an efficient N dosage level of 200 kg N/ha for this promising rice line. The results of stepwise regression and path analysis for grain yield showed that biological yield, harvest index and number of tiller have the greatest effect on grain yield and these traits were the most important causing traits mostly interpreting the grain yield variation.

One way to increase nitrogen use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer to determine the right time is the rice, the most important tools like leaf chlorophyll color diagram Metro is done. This project was carried out tested split plot completely randomized block design with three replications at Rice Research Institute in Rasht. Main plots rice at three levels include: hybrid (Dilam 1), the Khazar and Hashemi and sub plots amounts of fertilizer nitrogen in five levels, including: custom (Level Cody conventional fertilizer by farmers), 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg/ha nitrogen after each reading and low numbers of leaf color diagram was too critical. Results of physiological traits also show that crop yield has 88/35 kg/ha by Khazar and 41/12 percent recycling efficiency ratio has been superior to other treatments. Finally, according to the results of agronomic and physiological traits can be used to khazar and hybrid varieties of each reading and low numbers obtained critical value for 30 kg/ha and 20 kg/ha Hashemi variety of nitrogen fertilizer can be used.

This study was done in order to determine the effect of salinity on the germination and early growth of Vigna radiate L. in Botany laboratory of Islamic Azad University Shahr-e-Rey unite. The Gohar variety which obtained from Research center of Khozestan was used in this study. Experiment was carried in factorial with randomized complete block with four repetitions. Seeds of Vigna radiate L. were treated with six levels of salinity including 30, 60,90, 120,150 and 180 mole/L containing of NaCl and CaCl2 (Ca: Na=1). Seeds were treated in order to study their germination characters in germinator condition. The effect of salinity was studied on germination percentage, seed vigor (vegetation growth potential) r, length of rootlet, length of stem. Results indicated that the effect of salinity on all studied characters was significant (p<0/01). In addition with increasing salt concentration, the characters showed descending trend which was more obvious about seed vigor (vegetation growth potential) and rootlet length.

This study was doing of split plot based on Completely Randomized Block Design in four replications. Irrigation was tested as the main factor in three levels: after 80, 120 and 160 (±5) mm evaporation of class A pan, and plant type as sub factor in three levels of millet (Panicum miliacum cv. Notrifeed), sorghum (Sorghum cv. Pagah) and corn (Zea mays cv. Ksc 704). The results showed that there was significant difference between irrigation level, from the point of view of stem diameter, dry leaf weight, fresh and dry forage yield, ash percentage and protein percentage. The yield of fresh forage in irrigation level after 80, 160 mm evaporation was the average of 97.7 and 80.2 tons ha-1 respectively. Also, there was significant difference between different plants from the point of view in stem diameter, dry weight of stem and procreative organ, the ratio of dry forage to fresh forage yield, fresh and dry forage yield, ash percentage and protein percentage characters. Regarding the obtained results, the yield of fresh forage in corn and millet had maximum and minimum amount, respectively with the average of 103.9, 62.2 tons ha-1. There was significant difference between interactive effects of irrigation levels and cultivar in ash percentage. In the basis of obtained results, sorghum in irrigation level after 80 mm evaporation and corn in all of irrigation levels have the maximum and minimum of ash percentage.

Heavy metal contamination of soils is a major environmental problem. Therefore, knowledge about soil contamination and providing appropriate solutions for refining is undeniable need. Phytoremediation has priority than other methods and it is leading to increased efficiency of bioremediation. This study was performed to evaluate the different levels of heavy metal cadmium [0-40-80 mg /kg soil CdCl2] on Cd uptake in root and shoot of annual medic (Medicago scutellata). This experiment was done in 2009 in Research Greenhouse of Islamic Azad University-Karaj branch in completely randomized design with 4 replications. Results showed with increasing cadmium concentration in soil, the accumulation and uptake of cadmium in root and shoot of medicago scutellata increased. Transfer Factor (TF), Accumulation Factor (AF), cadmium Enrichment Coefficient (EC) content showed annual medic (Medicago scutellata) has high ability to transport cadmium to shoot.