JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY
Year:2016 | Volume:8 | Issue:2|Papers Count:9

This study examined the histopathological effects of anesthetic 2-phenoxy ethanol on liver of Barbus grypus. In this study, a total of 30 Barbus grypus with sizes of 100±2 g were selected. Water temperature with an average of 20oC. Fish were exposed to anesthetic 2-phenoxy ethanol with ascending concentrations of 400, 600 and 700 mg/l for 90 second. Then first stage was "an hour" and the second was "three days after anesthesia" liver biopsy was taken samples were stained at 5-micron sections with hematoxylin-eosin method. Microscopic observations showed the effects of 2-phenoxyethanol on the liver at the dose of 700 mg/l create vacuolization, enlargement of fat cells and dilatation of the hepatic sinusoids. At doses of 400 and 600 mg/l, this effect was less.

The aim of this study was to investigate the differentiation of nephron and other structures of metanephric kidney in goat fetuses. The study was descriptive which was conducted in 2013 at the Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. The approximate age of the embryos was determined based on the formula presented by Gal et al (1994) in order to estimate the age of the goat fetus. Taking into account the age of the fetus, they were divided into 4 groups of 25 fetuses in each. The first, second, third, and fourth groups were on 38-60, 61-90, 91-120, and 121-150 days of pregnancy, respectively. The kidneys of the fetus were isolated following autopsy of the baby's abdominal cavity in order to examine the metanephros tissue differentiation. Isolated samples were placed in 10% buffered formalin solution. They were examined under the optical microscope after the preparing of tissue sections. Data analysis among the groups was conducted using ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests as well as SPSS 10 software. According to the results there was a significant difference between the four groups since 30-days old until birth in terms of the mean length (p <0.05). Also, there was a significant difference in the mean fetal weight. A significant difference was also observed in the mean of the quantitative parameter such as length, width, thickness and weight of the right and left metanephric kidneys of goat embryos among groups in different ages (p<0.05), but the difference was not significant between the right and left kidneys. The glomerular emergence and growth pattern from the nephrogenic vesicular stage to final glomerule is similar to the human embryo. A glomerule should run its evolution and the process was made from the surface to the metanephric level.

Nowadays, cancer is knownas the main cause of death throughout the word. In recent decades, medical and molecular advances have not only been able to find the reasons and mechanisms of cancer, but they were more successful in early diagnosis and treatment of it. Citrus skin is the accumulation center of many antioxidant and enzymes. Flavonoids and limonene are among the important compounds in the citrus skin and their vital rolesin prevention and treatment of cancer is under study these days. In this research, after cultivation and reproduction of MCF-7 cancer cells line and in order to determine, the effect of cellular cytotoxicity of citrus skin extract, these cells were put in exposure to different doses of etanolic extract and after 72 hours, MTT test was done. Results indicate that the ethanolic extract of Orange skin at concentrations 7.5,10 (p£0.05) and the ethanolic extract of Limon skin at concentrations 2.5,5 (p£0.01) decrease cell growth significantly in comparition with the control group. the effect of cellular cytotoxicity grows with an increase in the concentration of extract and the highest percentage of growth inhibition in extract of Orange skin and Limon skin is related to the concentrations of 7.5 and 5 respectively. Thus citrus skin extract is suggested as an effective material in curing cancer in medical advances.

Borage (Anchusa italica) belongs to the Boragynaceae Family. These plants contain fatty acids, seed oils, and chemical compounds. Any uterine bleeding associated with closed uterine cervix and bloody discharge in the first half of pregnancy is called a threatened to abortion, and in 50% of cases results in abortion. In this study, 30 female Wistar rats after mating and pregnancy that identified by vaginal plagues, were randomly divided into 5 groups: A control group received normal saline intraperitoneally and 4 treatment groups receiving aqueous extract of borage with concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg. Injection for 5 days after day 7 of pregnancy was done daily, and cesarean section was performed on day 16 of pregnancy. The number of absorbed embryos was considered as the abortion. The results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results of the study showed that injections of extracts of borage effected on a number of absorbed embryos and the difference is statistically significant (p<0.05). Borage extract injection effected on the formed embryo and showed significant differences (p<0.05). Borage extract injection effected on the number of healthy embryos (p<0.05). The results of the study showed that the aqueous extract of borage to attract the number of embryos, embryo is formed and influenced by the number of healthy embryos.

Nowadays Tanacetum Parthenium extract is available in pharmacies as tablet, capsule, or liquid forms and has extensive usage in the treatment of many illness specially migraine. Therefore, study the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Tanacetum Parthenium on spermatogenesis and male sex hormones is necessary. In this experimental study, 30 male NMRI mice weighing about 35±40 g were divided into five groups of six. The control group received nothing, the sham group received distilled water, and the experimental groups received 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg b.w. hydro-alcoholic extract of Tanacetum parthenium intraperitoneally. The experiment period was 14 days. After the last injection, mice were sacrificed and blood samples were collected from cardiac for hormonal assay by ELISA method. Data analyzed using one way ANOVA. In this study testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in most of doses showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Tanacetum parthenium cause a significant decrease on plasma level of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, FSH and LH. Therefore, in chronic consumption it should be used with caution.

Studies show that Aloe Vera extract can affect the animal,s reproductive physiological functions. Paraquat is a strong herbicide which is absorbed through respiration, digestion and skin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aloe vera extract on the ovary tissue of rats treated with paraquat. 72 female rats were divided into nine groups of control, sham groups and seven experimental groups. Control group received nothing. Sham group just received serum. Experimental groups 1 to 3 received 10, 20 and 40 mg/KgB.W. of aloe vera extract. The fourth experimental group received 4 mg/KgB.W. of paraquat. The experimental groups 5 to 7 received 10, 20 and 40 mg / KgB.W. of aloe vera extract and 4 mg / Kg of paraquat. The results show that the number of initial, primitive, and secondary follicles reduced in experimental group 4 but increased significantly in the second experimental group compared with control groups. Atresia follicles increased significantly in the fourth experimental groups compared with the other groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, the number of graph follicles and corpus luteum reduced significantly in experimental groups 4 to 7 compared with control groups in level P<0.05. The concentration of sexual hormones reduced significantly in experimental group 4 compared with the experimental groups 1 to 3 and control groups. Paraquat can has a negative effect on the secretion of sexual hormones and aloe vera can reduce this negative effect.

Elatostema umbellatum and Pilea microphylla are two different genuses from the nettle family, Urticaceae which are found in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia. The cytotoxic effects of these two species were investigated by the brine shrimp lethality assay. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of these plants which naturally grow wild in Malaysia and has not been focused on cytotoxicity activity. Brine shrimp lethality assay was selected due to determine the cytotoxic activity against larvae of Artemia salina. Two out of sixteen extracts namely CEPM II (chloroform extract of P. microphylla from extraction method II) and MEEU II (methanol extract of E. umbellatum from extraction method II) showed low LC50 values at 46.70 mg/mL and 57.62 mg/mL, respectively. However, HEPM I (hexane extract of P. microphylla from extraction method I) showed the highest LC50 value (5742 mg/mL). Also it can be concluded that the extraction method which using separatory funnel performance was much better than the first method of extraction using only Soxhlet. Generally, crude extracts from E. umbellatum were showed higher cytotoxicity activity. Although both plants can be used as the potent cytotoxic plants for more specific tests such as anticancer activity.

Nanoparticles have widespread application in all aspects of modern life because of unique features of them as small size and high surface area. Several studies have been done to explore the probable detrimental effects of nano-particles on human reproduction. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on LH, FSH and testosterone hormones in adult male mice. In the present study, 30 NMRI mice were divided into 5 groups. Single injection with different doses of zinc oxide nano particles were applied intraperitoneally (250, 500 and 700 mg/kg). Then serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone hormones were measured using ELISA method. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. The results showed that zinc oxide nanoparticles in 250 and 700 mg/kg doses caused a significant increase in FSH and testosterone level in blood serum respectively compared with control group. This study showed that effects of nano zinc oxide is dose-dependent and Causes increase in Testosterone and FSH hormones while caused no significant change in LH hormone level.