JOURNAL OF RESISTANCE LITERATURE (SCOLARY RESEARCH)
Year:2010 | Volume:1 | Issue:2|Papers Count:16

Indian style in poetry was not what had been thought over the years. This style had so many unknown capabilities which made it restore its attacked and criticized identity. After the years Indian style is able to impress the poets even with its denied deep imagination and detail, Nima and his followers besides Romantism and Symbolysm, used this style in their poetry. Indian style has dazzled the eyes that after Islamic revolution due to the concerns and afflictions of novel idealogy, paid less attention to the standards of European poetry. Among the poets, Bidel Dehlavi and Sa’eb Tabrizi played more important roles than others in improving this style. A familiar figure in current literature of Iran, Qeisar Aminpour, with all of his attachment to the literary traditions and Nima’s innovation in poetry, was impressed by poetic procedures of Indian style and used it in his poetry. What follows in this paper is a detailed account of the aesthetic features of Indian style in Qeysar Aminpour’s poems.

Character is one of the main elements of novel which is related to content theme and form of work. The motifs and action of character reflect the social problem. To investigate the character in holy defense novels is the main key to understand the motif and thought of combatants during eight years imposed war. It is the why not the how of defined which appears among characters of holy defense. This is thoroughly obvious in practice and thought. The levels of thought and action of combatant signified the reason and kind of resistance against the enemy. This shows the factors and criteria of resistance of Iranian nation. Thought and action of the characters of novel underlie the book ground of belief society and historical resistance. Mystic and religious existence of combatants in relation to Imam Khomeini people and Islamic revolution are main factors in resistance against the enemy in investigating characters. The unity of belief and emotion of combatants with themselves and their families give rise to the solidarity of resistance spirit. The nature of the holy defense novel is nothing but these criteria.

The poem ‘Nashid-al Arz Wal Kholoud’ composed by Moneer Mazeed, the Palestinian poet residing in Romania has been arranged in 30 stanzas. She has depicted the epic of Palestinian people’s resistance in a halo of the most eloquent images.This paper aims to study the artistic oratory of the poem and its relation with the element of resistance. Thus rhetorical forms are extracted and supported. The findings are statistically depicted in tables and charts which show that the poem contains much literary devices, aesthetic distance is observed, images impress the reader, the stress is on rhetorical images, live images are emphatically expressed, images are depicted based on similarity and the dominant image of Palestinians’ resistance is ‘expansive and allusive metaphor’.

With the onset of the ‘Imposed War’ the poetic mode of many poets changed. Poetry entered the front trench holes and the main theme turned to be martyrdom. Gholamreza Rahmdel is a committed poet from Gilan who portrayed the war front in his poems. He is talented in composing resistance verses. Sacrifice and martyrdom occupies a peculiar place in his works. Here, the author tries to study some poems in two of his works called ‘From Whisper to Whoop’ and ‘We Stand’. These works show Rahmdel’s command in using rhyme, rhythm, form and poetic innovation in depicting Iranian’s courage and sacrifice. He has used religious and national examples to give his poetry coherence and fluidity.

Defense is a value-based holy concept which is based on the creation of man. It is also one of the pillars of survival, preservation of human species as well as happiness of the worldly life and the Hereafter. True understanding of, and practical obligation to this concept, results in safety, justice and public welfare. As to the ‘Holy Defense’, Islam has a theory based on two monotheistic foundations: (1) God's will over which man has no control and (2) God's will which is based on man's primordial nature, that is, man's awareness, will, and choice. Discussing the concept of ‘Holy Defense’ as presented in the Holy Quran and some other documents, the author explicates the theoretical foundations of the Holy Defense and depicts the importance of the cognitive significance of ‘defense’ in creating sound societies.

This article studies the political leanings of two contemporary poets; Ahmad Waeli and Muhammad Mehdi Javaheri who played important roles in the incidents that took place in the political arena of Iraq since the beginning of the revolution led by religious ulama such as Shirazi to the end of the Ba’ath party and Saddam Hussein’s reign. The two poets possess different views with respect to the Ba’ath party, religious leaders, the contemporary Islamic movement the communist party and Abdulkareem Ghasem’s reign, while are at one in respect to Palestine issue and opposing Great Britain.

This article revolves round famous Syrian Poet Nazar Qabani whose approach is resistance literature. The following features have been studied and analyzed:Patriotism, Palestine, Qods, National commitment, love of Arab countries, Beirut, sovereignty and nation, Arab leaders and Palestine, Arab children and the future hope, security forces and questioning, freedom and combat, American dominance and lack of freedom of thought.

The phenomenon of eight year ‘holy defense’ influenced all aspects of Iranian life especially its literature and culture and ended with the birth of ‘holy defense’ literature. It also affected short stories in which women also played a great role.This article studies women’s sociological role in a few short stories concerning holy defense. Women have been classified according to their roles along with examples from short stories. First a summary of each story is given. Then, using a sample of the story’s prose, women’s role has been analyzed. Holy defense stories have been divided into two eras. And in each era, women’s roles have been classified into different stages.

In this article, the author has tried to show the reflection of social changes in Persian poetry from 1359 to 1367 (1980-1988) through an analysis of the discourses of the imposed war. This study shows that the discourses of the imposed war can be divided into two ideological and humanity/ critical areas. In ideological discourses that cover themes such as slogan-passion, national-epic, mystical-epic, nostalgic etc. the poets deal with the ideology of revolution, while in humanity-critical discourses we can see humanism, ultra nationalism and deconstruction view point in relation to war.

Believe in a savior or a’ Sushiant’ forms an important feature of pre-Islamic utopian literature and after the advent of Islam and especially after the Islamic revolution this notion obtains an expansive reflection in Persian poetry. This literary genre which has an outstanding position among the poets who express their thought through religious themes has not undergone a linguistic or aesthetic scrutiny. The authors endeavor to study ‘entezar’ poetry in terms of terminology frequency, analysis, linguistic functions and thematic relation.

Although all walks of life in Algeria played a role in organizing and exercising the resistance against the French. The role of men of letters especially poets was noticeable in that they exhibited a pure wisdom with which to put forth the best odes and lyrics by intertwining god-granted gifts and Quranic teachings. One of those poets is Mofdi Zakaria whose sincere emotions, active participation in the revolution, and unique odes on resistance brought him the title; "Poet of Revolution" and his anthology the name; "Anthology of Revolution". The author attempts to introduce Zakaria and his anti-colonialism literary campaign by presenting certain poems that depict his role and position in the Algerian resistance poetry.

An effective element that makes Mahmoud Darvish poetry beautiful is the imagination that rises from the use of colors. He uses color in symbolic, allusive and metaphoric forms. In his poetry, green depicts hope, freedom seeking, life & motion and love for resistant Palestinians. White stands for peace& quietude in freedom. It sometimes means non-existence and mortality. Blue is often taken as calmness, eternity, wisdom and infinity. Red is the symbol of martyrdom, courage, sacrifice and dedication in pursuit of freedom. Black is the color of despotism, oppression, colonialism and chains of captivity. Brunet is the color of Palestinian identification and its grain farms. All these colors have been creatively employed in his resistance poetry.

Contemporary Persian literature, especially in the field of resistance, has been directed toward concision and brevity due to changes in modern man’s expectations from art. Although brevity goes back to ancient times, using new techniques and motivations it has become the dominant device in ‘holy defense’ poetry. Brevity in Persian literature has different varieties which makes it distinct from brevity in other languages including Japanese forms. Themes of brevity, though diverse, can be classified into various groups whose particularity is their transient nature, which can be called ‘the poetry of instances’.

Due to its peculiar strategic situation and huge underground supplies Iraq has, for long, been the focal point for the invasion foreign countries and above all Britain colonial government; accordingly, the country has been suffering from severe damages throughout the years. Since 1917, when British army entered Iraq, Muslims have reacted to tyrannical policies of imperialistic countries in different ways; herein, the role of liberal and committed Iraqi poets has been considerable. For this reason, it would be instructive to investigate and compare the classic and modern anti-colonialism approach in Iraqi poetry; this way one can find out the significance of such an approach in the Iraqi contemporary poetry and grasp the idea of how similar meanings are represented through various styles.

The Marxist coup d’etat and the invasion of the Soviet red army of Afghanistan caused deep and extensive political, social and cultural changes in this country. Since then until the time of "Hamid Karzai" government, Afghanistan poetry has changed thematically and formally. This article not only tries to analysis different aspects of Afghanistan poetry during the last three decades but also studies the Resistance Poetry as a dominant course in different places and times throughout the world. The most important result of this research is the analysis of different qualitative changes in immigration poetry under the influence of the political, social and linguistic structure of the host countries which has gradually affected the internal course of Afghanistan poetry.