MOSKUYA
Year:2011 | Volume:6 | Issue:18|Papers Count:6

Cecil mentioned in Islamic sources it Sqlyh Island is located in southern Italy and the Mediterranean. In the year 290 \ 902 AD the island was seized by Ibrahim II Sqlyh quite often (stamped 290 H \ 296 AH), the ruler Afryqyh income, the Fatimids were the dominant 483 in the \ 1092 Sqlyh ended the rule of the Muslims. Effects were conducted on the island, scientific and cultural developments Muslim population of less than two decades after the Muslim Sicily was indescribable language and their culture is dominant. Muslims under the rule Sqlyh Advise year, but the island became an important center of Islamic culture and civilization. Sqlyh huge role in transmitting Islamic Sciences and Culture in Europe has And the translation of the Latin translation of can be argued that the first impression is done regularly and extensively in this area should Salerno, and Naples Palermo cited in this relationship.

The concept of “border” in political literature is a modern concept and in historical literature, the term “frontier” and in ancient times, the concept “frontiers” is used to determine the territory. The neighboring of Iran and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) in different historical periods has caused different conflicts and disputes between the two countries. A number of factors such as religious differences, expansion desires of the Ottoman Empire and interventions of European powers like Britain and Russia, and most importantly, the lack of exact determination of the boundaries are among the most important factors in collisions between the two countries. The foreign relation between Iran and Turkey during the 1st Pahlavi era was bettered by solving long territorial and cultural disturbances the result of which was a 16-year (1941-1925) close relation. After a 5-week stay in Turkey, Reza Shah came back to Iran. This travel influenced him a lot, so that, since then, some of his reforms, which had already almost been founded, were formed in social and cultural fields. In this era, little by little, the foundation for conducting regional treaties such as Sadabad Regional Treaty which was considered unique in the whole east was provided. This era was in fact a modern period for making an almost vast relation in other fields such as cultural, social, economic, political, et relations. Finally, Iran and Turkey came to the conclusion that, for the survival of their existence, they should put aside differences and become friends and stabilize their borders. The present study explores the borders of Turkey and Iran during the first Pahlavi era, its history and stabilization process of the Turkish and Iranian borders.

Nishabour is one of the four thrones of Great Khorasan and one of the ancient cities in Iran. In the early centuries of Islam it also had a cultural and political importance. This study aims to investigate the political importance of Nishabour, its situations, religion, custom, language, challenges, conflicts, schools, economic situation, and the religious difference in the third and fourth centuries.

Religious structures and architectural form has long been the case. In each of these religions and ethnicities, providing a secure forum interest to be seen to appreciate. It's like that sometimes massive ziggurat is the creator of such structures and sometimes they simply mixed with the doubts many Mvrdkarbrdshan has created a platform for performing such ceremonies Achaemenids.In iran Zoroastrianism is known everywhere in the temple. Place to maintain the sacred fire ritual. But the fire, and when it means that we now know it, was formed And transformation of components, an issue that has been addressed in this article.The formation of these structures, it is important An important part of the uncertainties in the period before the official religion of Zoroastrianism in Iran will cure the Sassanid era before.Altar as a symbol of Zoroastrianism, Drrf key is the haze.In this paper different aspects of the formation of these structures are examined and oldest of its kind to be considered on the basis of historical and archaeological research.

The statesmanship period of Ilkhanates in Iran differs from various aspects in political and religious terms in all-time history of Iran after Islam and has unique specifications and features. As located beyond rivers of Jeyhoun and Seyhoun in northeast Iranian plateau with ideas, language and etiquettes different from Iranians, Illkhanateswere of the people who went towards west part of the captured land and territories in early of second half of the 7th century once again due to the initial violence and bloodshed of Genghis and his offspring and descendants along with Mongolian tribeswith the new motivations and goals with generalissimo and leadership of Hulagu, grandson of Genghis and then they dominated and captured all parts of Iran in that time with their preplanned objectives through removing two effective political and religious forces of that era i.e. Iran’s Abbasid and Esmaeilian caliphates. Finally, they founded a new dynasty of rulers and sovereignty which was established for more than a century (736-656 Hejira) with special and different conditions.Their attitude and perspective was regarded as major strategies in Mongolian governmental policies, special of Illkhanatecourts and their Iranian rulers, that they adopted towards religion, religious minorities, religious groups and individuals and conventional conflicts and contradictions of religious minorities. The governmental attitude of Mongolians and Illkhanatesto the religion and religious affairs, which can be termed sometimes as religious tolerance and intolerance, was different from the period before and after them. This study is after representation and recognition of various aspects of this approach and focuses on the inductive and interrogative characteristics and specifications of religious policies and strategies of Illkhanates.

Tea is an evergreen vegetable with a lifetime about one hundred years which was cultivated more than five thousand years ago in China according to codified documents. As Abu Reihan Birouni said: " the history of drinking tea in Iran reaches two thousand years ago." Although drinking tea in Iran has a longterm record, but the history of tea cultivation reaches 113 years ago and Mohammad Mirza Khashef Al-Saltaneh cultivated the first sapling of the tea in Lahijan and Tonekabon successfully. In this research, it is tried to analyze and study not only the brief history of tea, but also entering into Iran and its cultivation and problems which were encountered by Kashef Al-Saltaneh during the cultivation.