MOSKUYA
Year:2008 | Volume:- | Issue:4|Papers Count:12

This article is an overview of the earliest symptoms of reforms in the Ottoman Empire which was, in fact a dual process of degeneration and reforms in this Empire. The reform trend in the Ottoman Empire can be broadly classified into two closely related categories; viz. "The Old Reforms and the New Reforms".While the Old Reforms focused on internal affairs of the Empire, the New Reforms were directed towards the outside world, which in such contexts is the west world.A western oriented approach on the part of the Ottoman Empire, which was a departure from its traditional approach towards the West_since it had always looked down on it_began in the period that came to be popularly referred to as the Laleh Period. It can be said that the bloody rebellion of this period that was ultimately victorious was mainly aimed at indulging in western whims and fancies rather than New Reforms.

After Bani Omayyids achived caliphate in 620 AD and transfered capital from Kufeh to Damascus in order to extent the territory and also domination of trading and business west to east roads conttinued Islamic conquests which had begun at the time of second caliph and as Jihad with blasphemers, not only achieve religious legimitation but also extent territory and by this announcey itself Islam protector and developers of religion among Muslimsy and eliminate their illegitimate acts which were against the Islamic principles, and sunna criticized by many of Islamic leaders. Muslems and Roman merchants have come and gone to each others countries. and in fact they where considered as relation between west and east.In this essay by using the descriptive–analystic methods and references and resources is tried to inspect this communication. and it was used to reveal the political and economical goals of Bani Omayyids that they achieved some of them under the name of religion.

A mong the Factors that were important in forming the whole state of affairs in the country since the middle 40s to the middle 50s the role of land reforms was unique. Mohammad reza Pahlavis government for doing land reforms performs a program that its aim was obtaining social economical and Political results for rurals .It made almost half of the rural families to be owner of at least a small land. But the aim was more political than economical.Hence there were some contradictions about the aims and political results of land reforms from the beginning. The most serious contradictions related to farmers that seemingly were to get benefit from land reform program but actually the way of performing it were done in a manner that not only most of the rurals didn’t obtain much benefit from the interest of the land distribution but also after several years their economical situations become worse.The factor unfulfilled rurals hopes of land reforms and governments other agricultural policies

The Whigs were a part of England Aristocrats who rised under rulling of stuarts dynasty in 17 century. they were emphasizing on institutional Kingdom and opposing to the despotic rule of Stuart kings. Whig Interpretation of history is a term which was used by british Herbert Butterfield for the first time. In his view it was an interpretation of history, believed in the concept of an ancient, Liberd Teutonic institution; Magna Carta. to the whig historians. The past is a story of success and English history the tale of the triumph of constitutional liberty and representative institutions. This article first study the historical backgrounds of the whig rising and then research the historical view of them.

Silk Road has gained many cultural & scientific attentions since the second half of the 20th century The amont of this attention was , so much that a conference was held in 1987 in Paris as ''silk Road-The dialoge between East& West''. Since then, Silk Road was reputed as the ''Path of the dialoge''. A series of the same conferences continued to be held in Tehran (in 1190, 1996, 2001) and in Bokhara ( in 2000). Based on such scheme, some studies made on reviving the Silk Road and even a part of the rout was chosen for the revival and restoration of the old values.The main purpose of this article is aronmd recognition, survey and analysis of geographical potentials as well as the historical monuments, influential in re-establishment of the Silk Road as a symbolic feature of intracivilization dialogue, convergence of tribes and the reinforcement of cultural & economic grounds in the Islamic world.The stage of research and the most fundamental questions in this regard are as follows: - The confinement and the path of the Silk Road during the enhancement of Lslamic civilization.- the mechanism and method of influence in the expansion and propagation of Islamic civilization and culture ( in East&west ) - Identification of historical& geographical potentials along the Road as the main supports for its revival and its strategy.The results indicate that Silk Road has been the most ancient axis in cultural, scientific& business affairs during the long history between Estern & western countries. It has been recognized as an influential factor in the reinforcement of communication among various countries as well as the growth and spread of Islamic & Iranian culture through the world. The standing of Iran, due to its location, enjoying the fore eited cultural ceniers, has been quite significant and prestigious. At the time being , our country is capable to attract a wide diversity of foreign & native tourists due to the thousands of geographical, historical, archeological, scinentific & cultural centers already accessible here. Such centers can play a crucial role in attracting many foreign & native tourists into our country and may have determining function in strengthening the ancient interactions of Islamic World in the era of globalization.

Janaki encompases a vast part of southwest region of Iran which has played an important role in political social , economical and cultural changes of history. In this article not only geography of controversial land is studied but also race origin of resident natives of this region is discussed and we also had dealt with its history and past in pre-islamic and post-islamic periods and its cultural and tribal connection with Khozestan, Chahar-mahal -e-Bakhtiari and Boyer- Ahmad provinces. Because of its geographical status and having special and potential capabilities in terms of political and economical aspects , existence of "Mangasht " mountains , strategical and military aspects, having fertile land, existence of lash and permanent rivers, and its frontiers with mentioned provinces; Janaki had always been important. Parsomash land has been located in west of Janaki region which in Pars trible was living. In later periods Janaki land is cited by historical resources refering to rulership era of Great Attabakan-e-Lor (during 6th and 7th centuries) specially political and social movements of Safavid periods ( after 10th centuary ) and also in Qajar period ( contemporary period of Iran ) in which Bakhtiari Chahar-langs (Chahar lengaye Bakhtiari ) could govern this land and established a local governament.

Whos not interested in his homeland? Gilans specific natural situation is one reason that makes people interested in it. It it not surpring for a tourist who has never been alredy in Gilans to admire its wonderful scenes on his tinerary number of written resoures about the Gilan center is remarkable. The research into the library resources demanded writing of this article. (Considering that the first-level articles were available for the researcher.) Foreigners who have traveled to Iran in the previous centuries can be classified into three categories: First ambassadors, Second different Christian missiorers, Third, tourists. Therefore, our concern for the few available foreigners documentations is not useless. A large amount of the tourists writings who have traveled to Iran have been plundered through the time and today there is no sign of them. For instance, the famous Italian tourist , Marco polo traveled to Iran twice , but wrote nothing of these travels or if he did, nobody knows about them. Through studying these travel itinerary one may realize the main targets of these travel and ultimately conclude that the majority of thede travels have been on the basis of social andpolitical requirements.

According to Mongolian traditions ,Women Were respected and important in the society, They were participating the daily life equally.Even their marriage could also effect tribal economic interests, Therefore contrary to the many old nations, having a daughter not only was not a discredit, but even considered joyful. Therefore, mothers were having high and respectful position, especially Mongolian first wires were given more esteem and glory. People also respected their children more Rules and regulations of Yasa confirmed such honor. influence and power that After settlement of these People in Iran and their impression of culture and religion in Illkhan period, the important role of women in society was protected and later became symbol for social appearance of Iranian women in the society. Participation of mongol Matrons in reign with their spouses, their independent authority at the time of vicery,…. were examples of Muslim Mongol women’s influence in Iran.