TANAFFOS
Year:2015 | Volume:14 | Issue:3|Papers Count:10

Streptococcus pneumonia remains one of the most commonly identified pathogen associated with hospitalization and death among children and adults (1). Despite improvements in diagnostic tests and treatment regimens, mortality remains high ranging from 5 to 35% (1). Worldwide, an estimated 541, 000 deaths were attributed to pneumococcal disease in children <5 years in 2008 and nearly all of them occurred in low-income countries. Among the wealthy population, nearly all deaths due to pneumococcal disease occur in the elderly, as children in these populations are routinely vaccinated against pneumococcal disease using pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) (1, 2)...

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with COPD. The contribution of IHD to acute outcomes in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) is not known in detail. The present study assessed the effect of comorbid IHD on length of stay (LOS), risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death as indicators of the short-term outcomes for patients hospitalized for AECOPD. Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients hospitalized for AECOPD from September 2008 to March 2014 were reviewed. Data extracted from patient records regarding the presence of comorbidities and the markers of disease severity were analyzed using logistic regression for ICU admission and mortality, the Kaplan-Meier method, log rank test and Cox regression for LOS. Results: Of 507 separate admissions, 146 episodes (28. 8%) occurred in patients with IHD. The median LOS was 7 days [interquartile range (IQR) 6, 11] in patients with IHD versus 6 days (IQR 5, 8) for patients without IHD. After adjustment for confounders, LOS was found to be 26% longer (p=0. 033) for patients with IHD. The adjusted odds ratio for the risk of ICU admission and death in patients with IHD was 2. 97 and 3. 86, respectively. Conclusion: Patients hospitalized for AECOPD with comorbid IHD had longer LOS, greater risk for ICU admission and death. It seems that this group is a particular COPD subtype with a more severe degree of COPD and poorer acute outcomes that may influence optimal management.

Background: Bordetella pertussis has been suggested to take part in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between B. pertussis and COPD. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 90 patients with COPD and 90 age-and sex-matched control subjects were included. Serum samples were tested for anti-B. pertussis IgG and IgA by ELISA. A physician completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, habitual history and spirometric findings for each patient. Results: Of 90 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 66 (51%) had mild, 31 (34. 4%) had moderate, and 13 (14. 4%) had severe disease. There was no significant association between B. pertussis IgA seropositivity and COPD. Serum levels of anti-B. pertussis IgG were significantly higher in patients with COPD than in the control subjects (P < 0. 001). No association was observed between B. pertussis infection and severity of COPD. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is an association between B. pertussis infection and COPD. Further studies should be planned to investigate the potential pathogenic mechanisms underlying these associations.

Background: Nowadays establishing communication and educating patients to enhance their knowledge regarding disease and treatment process at home is one of the most important principles in providing patient care. Materials and Methods: A semi-experimental study was done on 57 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis in two care groups namely professional – family mix directly observed treatment short-course (PFM-DOTS) and family based-DOTS (FB-DOTS). The patients were referred to the tuberculosis and lung diseases research center for diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Both the patient and a family supervisor were evaluated regarding their level of knowledge of the disease and the treatment regimen. Results: A significant difference between the degree of knowledge of groups of patients and the groups of family relatives before and after the intervention was indicated, with a higher increase in PFM-DOTS group than in F-B-DOTS group (P< 0. 001). In PFM-DOTS group 100% of the patients, and in the FB-DOTS group 86. 8% of the patients followed the recommended drug regimen (P<0. 001). Conclusion: According to the treatment recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO) for appropriate implementation of DOTS project combating TB, it seems the PFM-DOTS implementation is a more suitable method with greater effects on correct care and treatment of tuberculosis patients.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most challenging public health burdens in the world. Recent research demonstrated high prevalence of mental disorders in TB patients and their caregivers. The purpose of this study was to assess mental health of TB patients and their caregivers in Iran before and after a two-week inpatient treatment and to determine the prevalence of psychological problems in these groups. Materials and Methods: A standardized questionnaire (SCL-90) was used to assess psychological symptoms in 146 hospitalized TB patients and their caregivers (n=89). Furthermore, the scores of both target groups were compared with those of a group of healthy individuals (n=85). Results: The mean scores before the start of the initial treatment of the patients were significantly lower for paranoid ideation (P=0. 038) and hostility (P= 0. 046), and the scores of depression (P=0. 046) and somatization (P=0. 001) were significantly higher than those of the healthy individuals. The patients scored significantly higher than the caregivers on depression (0. 047) and somatization (P< 0. 001), whereas the caregivers scored higher than the healthy individuals on paranoid ideation (P= 0. 044) and hostility (P= 0. 034). Multiple linear regression showed that age, educational level and marital status were factors affecting the mental health of TB patients and their caregivers. The variance in psychological symptoms of the patients was between 10% (paranoid ideation) and 27% (hostility) of the variance in the symptoms of their caregivers. Conclusion: Tuberculosis control and treatment programs should not only address issues like continued respiratory symptoms, but should also focus on mental health in TB patients and their caregivers.

Background: Systemic sclerosis (SS) is a collagen vascular disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by connective tissue abnormalities. This study aimed to evaluate the extra-pulmonary manifestations of SS on chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Materials and Methods: The medical records of patients with SS who presented to our hospital in a 10-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Forty patients with SS were included in this study. The extra pulmonary manifestations of SS were evaluated in these patients, including esophageal involvement, pulmonary arterial dilatation, pleural abnormalities, pericardial disease and mediastinal lymph node involvement. Results: The most common extra-pulmonary manifestation was esophageal dilatation, which was detected in 70% of the cases followed by pleural involvement. Pulmonary arterial dilatation was seen in 20%, pleural involvement in 40%, pericardial involvement in 40% and mediastinal lymphadenopathy in 30%. The most common pleural abnormality was diffuse pleural thickening and the most common pericardial abnormality was pericardial effusion. There was an association between the severity of lung fibrosis with the incidence of esophageal dilatation and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in our series. Patients with SS and interstitial lung disease (ILD) who had PAH, had more severe lung fibrosis than those without PAH. Conclusion: Patients with SS may have a variety of extra-pulmonary manifestations, which can be detected using HRCT. Our study evidenced that HRCT was useful for detecting extra-pulmonary findings of SS such as esophageal dysmotility and dilatation, enlargement of main pulmonary artery and PAH, pleuropericardial involvement and mediastinal lymphadenopathy.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disorder in which instability of the upper airways leads to a reduction or cessation of airflow during sleep. Sleep disorders such as OSAS increase the risk of occupational accidents and impaired work performance. Sleep deprivation during shift increases the risk of occupational accidents among health care employees. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between occupational injuries in hospital staff and the risk of sleep apnea. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on hospital staff of Masih Daneshvari Hospital in 2012. In this study, the hospital staff’ s (715) response to the Berlin questionnaire plus additional information including a history of an occupational accident, night shifts, less than four hours of night sleep, history of smoking, chronic disease and quality of sleep were assessed. Information obtained was analyzed using SPSS 15. Results: In general, 27. 6% reported a history of occupational accidents. The incidence of occupational accidents in the high-risk group for sleep apnea was significantly higher than the low-risk group (OR=2. 736, CI=1. 522-4. 917, P=0. 001). The results of logistic regression analysis also showed a statistically significant association between occupational accidents and risk of sleep apnea (OR = 2. 247, CI = 1. 194-4. 231, P= 0. 012). Conclusion: This study showed that the incidence of occupational accidents in the hospital employees is strongly related to the probability of OSA. Therefore, special attention should be directed to respiratory sleep disorders in order to reduce occupational injuries at hospitals.

Background: The term "crystalline silica" refers to crystallized form of SiO2 and quartz, as the most abundant compound on the earth’ s crust; it is capable of causing silicosis and lung cancer upon inhaling large doses in the course of occupational exposure. The aim of this study was to assess occupational exposure to dust and crystalline silica in foundries in Pakdasht, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, airborne dust samples were collected on PVC filters (37 mm diameter, 0. 8 mm pore size), by using a sampling pump and open face cyclone at a flow rate of 2. 2 l/min for a maximum volume of 800 liters. For determining crystalline silica spectrometry was used according to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method No. 7601 for analysis of samples. Results: Results showed that crystalline silica concentration was higher than NIOSH and the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) allowed extent (0. 025 mg/m3). Concentration of crystalline silica was 0. 02-0. 1 mg/m3. Total dust concentration average was higher than the allowed extent by Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Conclusion: It is essential to take necessary measures to control crystalline silica dust regarding the fact that 50% of workers are exposed to higher than the allowed extent.

Renal lymphangiectasia is a disorder of the lymphatic system of the kidneys, which can be congenital or acquired. Although the exact etiology remains unknown, an obstructive process resulting from several causes, including infection, inflammation or malignant infiltration, has been suggested to be responsible for the acquired form. This disorder may be associated with several pathologies. We report a case of a 24-year-old man with renal lymphangiectasia presenting with polycythemia, ascites and pleural effusion associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in an intravenous (IV) drug user. Our case is the first in the literature that shows an association between HCV infection and IV drug use.

Most authors believe that the best treatment for pulmonary hydatid disease is surgical evacuation. Although albendazole has been used prophylactically before surgery, there are many reports about increased incidence of the rupture of cyst after albendazole therapy, which can cause some complications. In this case report we present a patient with bilateral pulmonary hydatid cyst that was ruptured after using albendazole and different strategies were used for management of each cyst.