TARIKH
Year:2012 | Volume:6 | Issue:23|Papers Count:8

The beginning of Shia has been analyzed from various viewpoints. Shiite theologians have provided many different considerable views on this topic, while historians have been less willing to criticize these views from their particular historical point of view. In this essay, I seek to fill this vacuum in researches as far as I can and try to answer the important question that when Shia became a systematical order in the form of a socio- political movement whit particular juristic and theological features. Concerning time and characteristics of genesis of Imami Shia as a political religious movement, various views and Hadiths have been stated. I have categorized these views into ten theories and, finally, after analyzing and criticizing them have stated my own view as the eleventh theory. In my opinion, Imami Shia, in contrary to many theological and even historical accounts according to which there is a particular event or time for beginning of Shia, has not been created abruptly, rather has been evolved and formed in a gradual way of evolution.

AI-E-Kia was a Shiite and local government which seized the power in the regions located in the eastern part of Sefidrood Known as "Bieh Pish" within the eighth to the tenth centuries (A.H). Governors of this government were all originated from Sayyids which their own ancestry went back to the Imam Sajjad (Peace Be Upon Him). They governed in the eastern regions of Sefidrood for two hundreds and five years. Foundation of their government was relied on the military affairs and land holding and the AL-E-Kia governors were on the apex of military and political power. In 1000 (A.H), the Kia Dynasty local government was dissolved by Shah Abbas's attack on their territory and escape of Ahmad Khan (The last ruler of AL-E-Kia) from there to outside of Guilan. This writing intends to explicate the religious politics of the AL-E-Kia rulers and it's effect on preserving the unity and cohesion of their territory.

The most important mint facilities of the Sassanid Era belonged to the province Fars. The high volume of coins found in this province has demonstrated the importance of the mint factories belonging to this region. Although gold and silver mines appear to have been scare in Fars, the province nevertheless had a tremendous and steady amount of drahms (silver coin) originating from its main centers in the late Sasanian period. The large amount of drahms minted in Fars in the Sasanian period makes the province important as a financial center. Its geographical position and proximity to the Persian Gulf made the Pars province an important location for transportation and trade by both land and sea; coins from the mint of Fars have been found as far as the ports of southern Chain and India, attesting to the amount of trade and the importance of its route, In this article, the mint factories of the Pars region during the Sasanian period are discussed, The most significant finding is several lines of evidence that strongly suggest the WLC designation, which according to the most coin experts has remained unknown to date, most likely refers to the city of "Borazjan" in the southern portion of the Fars Province rather than designating the Uruzgan Province in Modern Afganistan.

Mussolini after World War I, in 1922 A.D. and by resorting to various ways the Italian power and government laid the foundation, which explains the basics of intellectual and philosophical among many scholars and historians regarding the existence's. Mussolini's Fascist Party, led at the time it was in power, not only in theoretical foundations of thought and action, but many of them there were many inconsistencies. In this article the main question about explaining the meaning and place of religion and ethics from the perspective of Mussolini and the fascist party. We believe in the hypothesis: the dictatorship of Mussolini showed that self and discouraging factors such as: individuality, rationality and to promote peace and freedom. and pays tribute to the war effort and to the Religion ethics as well as the holiness or the Rector and the indisputable and comply with all community groups and by grazing of State principles of This causes a lot of conflicts and disputes between Mussolini and Pope creates.

Relating and informing in God's Prophet (peace is upon him)'s way, was one of the most important means with which the Prophet could approach the Arab society to the Islamic meanings and make Muslims united and related, he could relate with his audiences by face to face relation and using methods such as debating, functional relation, techniques of persuading, convincing and speaking. That high Prophet according to the conditions of the time made benefit from the speech principles as the best principles and with his direct and explicit expression guided others. To know the bright appearance of the Great Prophet (peace is to him) and become familiar with his method and way of life is a base for elevation and evolution in material and spiritual life of human beings and can conduct the societies to the way of growing and overgrowing. Since the time that relating and informing means like smoke, fire, drum, writing, scripting and ... have come to help human beings, relation between men increased in the way that it made close to each other all of men throughout the world. Each of God's messengers did perform their valuable duty to clarify the principles of man's relation with themselves and God and creatures. And among them we can't ignore the role of Mohammad (peace is to him), the last messenger of God, in making relation with people. This essay is going to survey the most important ways in making relation in Prophet's method by reliance on compound method that mostly see the subject from the view point of history and leaning on Prophet's phrases. I would make pleasant the flavor of right seekers from this modest research and with the help of Prophet's method, and holy souls and natures delight from its pure drinking.

There many unknowns about Amir Alishir Navai's thoughts. He was the one of the great politicians and cultural characters of the last decades of the Timurids era. Historians have different opinions about his ethnicity and his religious beliefs. Some say he was a twelve imamer Shia, some say he was Sunni, some say he was sufi and some say he was not belong to a religious community. This led the writer to have a critical look at the existing documents and to review the historical evidences to find out more about his actual thoughts. Reviewing the historical evidences implies that he was neither Shia nor Sunni nor a perfect Sufi. He was only a religious man and his thoughts were influenced by aspects of different religions.

The commerce has been worthy of attention between the societies homo. They had done their exchanges entirely simple. These commercial exchanges have changed passage of time and creation of concentrated reigns. The simple local exchanges have changed into big exchanges. The commerce during Silk Road has been the model of infra-regional exchanges. It has been a reason for transportation of good and transfer of cultures and traditions of different nations that have settled during this road. Cities and resorts have existed or created in course of time during the road, have had important role at development of the infra-regional commerce.Moshkouieh city or Meshkin tepe has been one of the existent cities during Silk Road. In Islamic references have made a sign to the city. Meshkin tepe has located north- eastern of Markazi province. the east of Zarandieh Township and south-eastern of Parandak town.We will survey geographical and historical references of Islamic period between 4 until 7 centuries A.H. Also we will renew the route of Silk Road in a part of Iran (Hamedan route to Saveh and Rey) and analyze archaeological finds were gotten from archaeological excavations.

One of the major issues dealing with the history of Islamic civilization was addressing the research and providing the research and education supplies of scientists and scholars. This was possible through the revenue generated by the endowment of schools and educational facilities. Endowments were the best and most important source of revenue for education in Islamic societies. And continuing education and academic and research activities in the Islamic governments in recent centuries had depended on this source of funding. Endowment issue that Islamic law has been investigated to it, from the outset of the advent of Islam has exist. And religious leader and have attempted to devote their property to such matters. A quick look at the dedicated letters in tell this fact that many schools, cultural - education institutions has remained from the admired tradition of dedication.Benefactors attend to establishing schools raise the cultural level of society. Most of old school and some new school were handled with an endowment earnings.This study in addition to investigating the case of two important places of learning in the Muslim world (Isfahan and Yazd Schools in Iran and Military and Mustansiriyah Schools in Iraq) refers to the importance of benefactors and dedication role establishing Islamic schools.