TARIKH
Year:2011 | Volume:6 | Issue:22|Papers Count:8

With the establishment of Ghaznavid state the trade extremely progressed. Iran with its geographical location on the way to India and China-two thriving countries at that time was consklered as a gate way to sell precious commodities of these countries to arab, Mesopotamia, Africa and European world. Iranian merchants were the key factors of this transaction.Sangbast tied to its geographical, smategical, cultural, economical and political location was a prominent site in ancient khorasan. In this region, some substantial architectural structures were established in Ghaznavid era such as minarets, caravanary and one tomb attributed to Arsalan Jazeb which are so valid. The buildings inspired by the tomb of Amir Esmaeel Sammani in Bokhara. It is almost the oldest Islamic monument in Khorasan today.Sang bast has been presumably built in the same way as Four-gate in Sasanid era.Materials and Kufic inscription used ndlcates its differences with the structures of Sasanid era. The place was considered by Amir Arsalan the governor of Toos at its flourishing time in Ghaznavid era in the 3rd and 4th century AD. Due to exposure to major roads such as SLLK Road turned to a great passing center for caravans, merchants and travelers.

Burqa is an enveloping outer garment worn by women in some southern regions of Iran and islands of Persian Gulf to cover their bodies as a hijab and prevention from sun burning. Its use was not among Iranian traditions and habits, but many years ago by western and Arabic immigrants it has entered through Persian Gulf. The Iranians uses Burqa as a face covering. The use of this word has been backed to 6th century especially in the poems of Khaghani, Nezami and Attar which shows that it is probably from the same time that the burqa has become prevalent in the southern regions of Iran, Although people in every region of the south have had their own Burqa some of them have covered simple kind of that an some decorative ones. It is noteworthy that the first uses of Burqa were to be prevented from sun burning and later it becomes as a hijab and decorative thing. Its popularity among southern women of Iran has become as a public culture for them. In this article because of the importance of Burqa among the women of these regions, it was tried to refer to the historical uses of this covering. The method which is used in this research is descriptive-analytical and field research. The results of this paper can be useful to understand how the Burqa in Iranian historical periods is used as a social phenomenon and ultimately change the current function.

There are different stories on the history and the conditions of the spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. Some believe that Islam found its way to the Indian subcontinent with the military attacks to that country in the initial Hijri centuries. However, many, fair and informed historians believe that Islam was not delivered to the subcontinent with the Muslims military attacks firstly, but through the Muslim merchants who had economic relations as well as cultural exchanges with South and South-west of the subcontinent. So, the people had willingly accepted the new religion. The aim of this research is to describe and analyze the contributions of Muslim merchants as early missionaries and precursors of Islam in the Indian subcontinent.

Turanians were Iranian's eastern neighbors, and most times, these two were in war against each other. Turanian women, who have been noted in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh as well as in Pahlavi texts, have played an important role during these wars. In some texts, they have been acclaimed or referred to as "wizards". A part of Turanian's stories is. related to women. Sometimes, they have participated in the wars alongside Turanian heroes, and, some other times, they have resisted their Shah's in Iranians' favor. In part of Shahnameh, which is related to the wars between Iranians and Turanians, there are only three names of women, and the rest are non-Iranians women, most part of which is related to Turanians. Ferdowsi has described their bravery and courage in Shahnameh through some beautiful stories, in which they start falling in love with Iranian heroes. Turanian women had social positions which Iranian did not have at that time. They were able to get married to Iranian heroes whereas Iranian women did not have such an advantage.

The place and role of religious scholars in Islamic society and their relationships with the ruling class and the people are important issues of the Islamic period of Iranian history, especially in the last two centuries. Scholars' wakefulness and alertness in dealing with the current political movements and reaction to the government's function in domestic and foreign policy and effective influence of the clergy in society and politics are the most important motives for studying the life of religious scholars in Ghajar and constitutional period. Akhound Khorasani is one of the effective scholars in political process of Ghajar period who intervened in the Constitutional Movement of Iran and ordered its necessity. He helped to relieve the plight of people living under the tyranny of corrupt rulers and refined the constitutional government from the western and anti-religious elements.His involvement in the Constitutional Movement spread the influence of Shia clergy throughout the constitutional revolution and imposed his spiritual and religious ideas on it and confined western anti-religious revolutionaries.Sheikh Mohammad Kazem Akhound Khorasani was selected in order to study his role in religious and political upheavals in the constitutional movement and his performance as an official Shiite authority and his political activities between scholars and thinkers of the past century. Akhuond Khorasani's leading role in the political conditions of constitutional movement and his actions, based on the absence of stranger colonists are among his special characteristics.This study is a descriptive research in which the researcher focused on gathering information from different books, articles and publications.

One of the most important components of historical manuscripts is their preface that with review of it we can achieve to valuable information about the historians, their view to the historical events and how experts view the history and its philosophy and what it is. Since from the period of first shah Abbas to the end of safavid state have survived considerable historical texts, with the study of the preface of these manuscripts in this period-that was accompany with significant historical, cultural and political changes-we can achieved to more in-depth understanding from the view of historians to history and the aim of historiography in a very important period. The aim of this study is to extract and compares the information of the prefaces of these versions, about views of the series chronicles and religious historians to history and its philosophy, and how they legitimacy to the kings and rulers of their times. Through this way, we can present a landscape of the dominant cultural circumstances on historian tech and finding answers to the questions like what is the purpose a king about ordering to write one issue? What is the purpose of historian about writing it? What are the differences and commonalities of these aims in religious and series chronicles books and why?

Hitler and National Socialism by the Nazi Party in Germany after the First World War emerged. History is one of the most dangerous regimes, Not only in Germany and Europe, but also frightening and daunting shadow across the twentieth century, the peoples and governments affected. And fueling the Second World War marked on dark scenes. Why the emergence of such despotism and totalitarianism and explain the factors influencing the emergence of a modern developed country like Germany. Along with a review of the intellectual and political and economic situation affecting the formation of Nazism, is the most important issue raised in this article. The authors believe there and Political Education authoritarian and totalitarian political philosophy that calls for absolute government of Germany is unified, Weakness and decline with the state's political and economic situation in Germany after the First World War had prevailed, would pave the way for the Nazi hegemony.

Era the reign of Achaemenid Cyrus until the end of the Darius era encompasses approximately one-third achaemenid total era. Undoubtedly the government's power reaches a peak in this period and what remains are the results relies on the initial structure. The importance of this period isn't secret for someone and about those not just ancient historians and philosophers have spoken even to date Iran and world renowned historians have commented. The aim of this study, was investigate common issues and differences between the two famous iranian empires.This research attempts to analyse primary achaemenid era, in addition tries to introduce and explain the rule of Cyrus and Darius as same a political model & similar to new global powers in ancient society.