TARIKH
Year:2008 | Volume:3 | Issue:9|Papers Count:8

One of the most important and longest kind of seyrayation and dispute in Bakhtiari community, has been the quarrel between two ruling families named Ilkhanid and Haj Ilkhanid, over Bakhtiari wealth and rule. Ilkhanid family are sons and grand sons of Hossein Gholi khan Ilkani and Haj Ilkhani family are sons and grand sons of his brother Imam Gholi khan Haj Ilhksni. The dispute between these two families and with the third brother named Reza Gholi Khan Ilheigi has continued for a long time. This disputes which are over kuling on Bakhtiari Tribe, possession of properties in out of Bakhriari supporting constitutionalism or autocracy, after conquering Tehran has been favored by thair opponents and the weakening of their power by Reza shah and Mohammad Reza shah.

16th the National Consultative Assembly (1328-1330 A.H) was one of the important and dynamic parliaments in second Pahlavi period and was more important and susceptible than other parliaments of that period. This parliament was formed when Saed government, which was supported by England and Pahlavi court, tried to approve the oil supplementary treaty (Gess-Golshaian) in parliament. The way for nationalization of Iran oil industry was prepared after oil commission defeated the mentioned treaty. By nationalization of oil and appearance of Mosaddegh government; 16th parliament became more important and played an efficient role in political changes of that period. In the present writing, it is dealt with the study of 16th parliament elections, political-social personality of representatives, main and influential approved laws of parliament, and the relations between parliament and Mosaddegh government.

Vahid Dastgerdi is a prominent poet in Awakening Era who made a great cultural and literary contribution to Iran's literature. He has revised and published a number of authentic Persian texts. He has founded a literary monthly journal called Armaghan; a divan was also composed by this great poet. This combatant poet has used the language of poetry to achieve political and social ends so that he played a role in disgracing the cruel rulers. In addition, he invigorated the liberals by introducing the leaders of the national movements to the public.In his Bakhtiari ode which is part of the history of Isfahan in Constitution Period, Vahid has praised Bakhtiari liberals who mobilized to liberate people from the shackles of the oppressive rulers, using historical and mythical allusions. He has revealed the real nature of the corrupt rulers and their evil characteristics which deserved them. Finally, he demands people living in the capital to waken and not to be indifferent and to follow Safahanian in order to eradicate despotism. He also wanted people to sacrifice lives for Constitution. In his final words, Vahid wishes Iran and Bakhtiari troops of freedom fighters a lasting formidability.

After becoming caliphah, Imam Ali [peace be upon him] wrote Moaviah a letter and wanted him to declare his allegiance to him and entrusted governance of Sham to Imam's appointed governer. Thus, Moaviah who in fact were waiting for Othman' s death and was looking forward to such a day, wrote a white letter to imam and declared a war. While Imam was preparing for confrontation, he heard news about the movement of the companions of Jamal which was as a result of moaviah's provocations. So he hastened to Basrah.Then after victoriously suppressing the rebellious he entered Kufah.While there, he wrote several letters to Moaviah and invited him to allegiance and peace. But Moaviah responded to them with war. In addition to refusing Imam' s allegiance and accusing the most popular (democratic) allegiance since that time and attributing it to having no general legitimacy, Moaviah wanted Imam Ali to transfer him the governance of Sham as Omar and Othman did so and then he would declare the oath of allegiance to him. Imam Ali besides explaining the public allegiance to himself in his letters avoided Moaviah's demands. Disagreement of Imam Ali [peace be upon him] with his demands ended in a strict war which occurred in Safain region.

Ata Malik Joveini, the influential and effective charcter in ILkhanid period was born in the bureaucarat family of Joveini in 623 (A.H). Following his forefathers traditions, he entered the court of Amir Arghon the mongol governor of Khorasan, Georgia, and Asia minor by his father Baha-e-din in early youth.as the special writer of Amir Arghon, Ata Malik officially joined the Mongol bureaucrats and was present in numerous trips to Mongol capital. Gharaghorom. In one of these trips he was proposed to write a book on Mongols invasions. this book was called Tarikhe Jahagosha. After coming of Holaku to Iran in 656 (A.H). Arghun introduced him to Holaku. Afterwards as a special authority and companion he accompanied Holaku in all great events such as the invasion of Baghdad Issmaeelid castles. One year after the invasion of Baghdad in 654 (A.H) Holaku gave the government of the Arab Iraq to him and Ata Malek kept it until the time of the third Mongol IL-khan, Ahmad tegodar. As the governor of Baghdad Ata Malek was able to perform valuable services in Arab Iraq. As a result, Baghdad experienced one of its Golden ages under the rule of Ata Malek.

By challenging agents and factors of Arined peace period, (1871-1914), The first world war (1914-1918) showed its horrible face and caused many countries nations to enter an unwanted war. Iran's government and nation were not an exception to this rule, because despite the announcement of indifference by Iran's governments it was in vided by hostile countries, and Kurdish regions in Iran was one of the main centers of this struggles. The command of Jihad by the ottoman sheikh-Al-Islam draw the attention of some Sunni Kurds in Iran to this issue. This article is to study the viewpoints of Iranian Kurds to this command and the cause quinces of their reactions to it.

Sufism had enjoyed of penetration and more antiquity like other territories of Iran.Sheikh Zahed Gilani established a Gnostic movement which had some difference with other mystical groups in Iran. However, the base of Zahediyeh's Sufism was on poverty and mendacity, but Sheikh Zahed by political and economic inFluence which had found in Gilan, Shervan, Aran, Azarbayjan was respected by local and Ilkhani's kings. In spite of the great number of Sheikh Zahed Partisans, Shervan's rulers were always shocked with fear and dread. Because Disciples of Sheikh were more than their forces. After joining Sheikh Saffi-al-Din Safiodin Ardebili to him, on the base of the heritage which Sheikh Zahed had carried to him, the mystical method was created by him. It seems, Sheikh Saffi in spite of spiritual motivations and wealth had paid attention to the pecuniary of Sheikh to increase his power by this way. Besides of this issue, Sheikh Saffi, by transferring lordship (being a sayid) from Sheikh Zahed family to himself after getting married Sheikh Zahed's daughter, provided the background of mixed thought of political civil of Iran for his dynasty.

As the previous periods of history, politics and rule in Ghaznavi period is associated with out ocracy. In Ghaznave monarchs view, rule was a derine righ. For this reason, they were not accountable to the people who were considered ad their servants. Indeed they considered people as their own property and adjusted their social polities on this basis.Accordingly, Ghaznavi monarchs did not pay any respect to people and considered them as means for achieving their governmental purposes duty to obey them, produce and pay taxes to the government. Throug using this kind of political and social policies, perhaps Ghaznavids were the Initiators of dictatorship and autocracy in Iran in post Islamic period.