TARIKH
Year:2010 | Volume:4 | Issue:15|Papers Count:8

The Teymour's attack of Iran had left great effect not only from military campaign point of view but also from cultural and artistic point of view. Emergence of Teymour and his successors despite ruthless and merciless bloodshed brought about one of notable centuries of progress for Iranian art. Although Teymour was a well-known and successful conquer but he was also a great patron and supporter for artists progress. Teymour's successors were also patron of art and artists during this period of history. Artists during this era enjoyed support of kings, princess and high ranking officials and this was one of most important reasons in flourishing of art during this era. Kings played important and decisive role in encouraging artists. The Teymour's conquest resulted in conquest of vast area of territory of Iran and territory of other countries. Excessive influence and power of Teymour caused fine arts such as painting, calligraphy and illumination art, art of layout particularly architectural art and style received huge support followed by splendid decorations for showing glory and grandeur of the Teymourian court. This article tries to explain cultural and artistic activities during Teymourian era by using descriptive-analytic methods supported by library documents and sources.

Ziyarate Rajabiyyah, which has greeted 90persons claimed to be martyred in Karbala, was narrated by Inb Tawoos in 7th century. This Ziarat, which is a, ributed to Imam Zaman, is regarded as a reliable source to find out the names of martyrs of Karbala. But its relation to Imam Zaman (a) ant its authenticity is doubtful, because in this Ziyarat some of the enemies of Imam al-Hosayn were hailed too. Due to this fact and other problems such as its chain of narration it is not reliable. This article is aimed to prove the unreliability of this Ziyarat as a source for finding out the names of martyrs of Karbala.

Sassanid dynasty was founded by Ardeshir Babakan. A magnificent and vast government which was stabilized by his son shahpoor. The political development caused some changes in administrative and social organizations of the country, so the need for a position to administer this complex and vast organization was felt.This complexity and administrative change could be seen by a comparison between the list of Shahpoor's court men and Ardeshir's court men in Naghshe Rostam Inscription and the existence of Farmadher position.As we get close to the middle of the fifth century A.D, we see more development in administrative system. We can notice the important role of Visier (administer) in this age by looking at the power and authority of Vozorg the Farmadher a prototype of the Great Vizier in Islamic period.

This article aims to attract the historian's attention more to chronology issues by criticizing the published works about historiography and explaining the importance and necessity of its development and reinforcement. It should be noted that understanding a historian event without recognizing the underlying thoughts behind it i.e. understanding the chronology of historian will be incomplete. In other words, understanding a historian event without understanding the historian thoughts will leave many dark aspects of a historian event. Therefore, the writer first decides to explain chronology, its constituents and necessities of more attention to it in studies and researches, then to have a passing glance to some compilations in this field.

Many nations cultural identity adjacent to Arabia peninsula was involved substantially with the expansion of Islamic victories.But Iran cultural identity in the early centuries after Islamic, is among the necessary discussions and meanwhile challenging that is encountered with different analysis and sometimes contradictory in contemporary era.The research tries to deal with this question that what sort of changes were accepted by Iranians cultural identity in connection with conquerors and Islam religion.The research was carried out with usage of analytic-historical method and considering undeniable hypothesis with the stance of divine religions in identifying to the communities and with the approbation of Islamic cultural making quintessence and the continuation of historical-cultural of Iranian identiy, concerning how the discourse and interaction between these two put toward.The findings of this research indicate that Iranian identity gradually with Islam expansion in this land achieved to a combination of ancient heritage and Islam monotheism values.Man of letters and Iranian farmers who were mostly Moslems enacted a very important role in this trend, they didn't construe Islam acceptance as the meaning of disregarding their own social connection.As a result, this identity was shaped according to the axis of values, during the centuries, and was deepened in Islam beliefs, that its important indices consisted of: Monotheism (belief in a single God), to have affection for Islam prophet and his family, spirituality, philanthropy, to belong to the country, continuity to the beliefs and values which were not opposed to monotheism, maintenance the Persian language (among the changes that it gradually accepted) and finally the equilibrium between Islamic and Iranism.

The study of cultural condition of the Zoroastrians as one of the most important social minorities in Reza Shah period has a great importance. In the age of Reza Shah, because of his attempts for acquiring national legitimacy and the renewal of the country and establishing a modern government, nationalism in the form of paying special attention to the history and civilization of the ancient Iran and referring to Achaemenid and Sassanid dynasties was considered seriously. In this process, the Zoroastrian society and its leaders played an effective role in political, social, thinking, and cultural changes of Iran with the centrality of Ancientist nationalism and attempted to strengthen nationalistic ideas and approaches by benefiting from the suitable atmosphere of Reza Shah period. The cultural activities of Iran's Zoroastrian society and especially with relation to Persian-Indians, included various activities, including attempts for defining Iranian's new national identity based on Iran's ancient civilization and promoting ancient ideas and symbols. The main subject in this article is to study the role of Zoroastrians in strengthening nationalism and the formation of ncientist national identity in Pahlavi I era.

The Abbasid Chaliphate in the period of Al Motavakel attempted again to present himself as the political leader of the Islamic society. So, with the help of Ahle Hadith and the Turks, and with their approval he tried to suppress the Shiite and the Motazeli. With summoning Imam Hadi to Samera, he issued humiliating orders against Motazeli, Shiite, and Ahle Zeme, and honored Ahle Hadith and their leaders. Moreover, lack of confidence to Iranians resulting in the entering of the Turks provided a basis for the Sunni Turks beside Ahle Hadith and Abbasid Chaliphate as the circles of a chain to put press on Shiite, Motazeli, and the lower social groups. This full fight with the rationalist schools in the period of motavakel had many negative effects on the growth and flourishing of the Islamic civilization.

Name states a person's originality, nobleness and gentleness. Iranian special names were in accordance with person's esteem and magnificence. Most of the names in ancient Iran were compound names and simple names form less ones. All of the names that we see in prints and seals and inscriptions are from high rank of society and mostly have religion aspect. Iranian element is basically a religious entity and lives on the basis of belief and faith and has an inseparable relation ship with the creator of the universe and the discipline of existence. In this text, The names that have a religious aspect and the names that refer to moral virtues and also the names that have been combined with the names of animals like cow, boar have been studied and tried to make a description though briefly under each name.