JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ORDER (ENTEZAM-E-EJTEMAEI)
Year:2018 | Volume:10 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:12

Background and objectives The arrival of domestic and foreign immigrants on the one hand، as well as the development of the city on the other hand، has led to the expansion of marginalized neighborhoods in Bandar Abbas. These factors led to the loss of stability in the city of Bandar Abbas and turned into problematic urban neighborhoods. Such conditions have provided the basis for various social، political، cultural and economic crimes، including robbery. Methodology The research method is of a survey and correlational type. This study was conducted using a library method and readout of cases of robbery occurred in 2016 in Bandar Abbas city. The sample size was calculated using the Morgan table among the cases of robbery files. A total of 351 cases of robbery were estimated and calculated. Factor analysis has been used to assess the validity of the data. Findings According to the obtained values from the Pearson correlation، there is a strong and significant relationship between "robbery in Bandar Abbas" and the independent variable of social components with a significant level of 0. 001 and a 99. 9% probability. Also، the findings from the multiple regression test indicate the fact that the impact of peer groups، families، poverty and unemployment، migration، living neighborhood and education explained the highest amount of robbery with the beta values of 0. 045، 0. 031، 0. 020، 0. 016، 0. 015، 0. 013، respectively، at high level، with the probability of level of 99. 9%. Results The results showed that cultural poverty plays an essential role in the creation of crime، and is dominated by illiterate criminals، and because of the lack of opportunities for intellectual development، they have been using other cultural means، such as physical capabilities، to advance their progress. The existence of unemployment and poverty creates a significant relationship between the economic circumstances of the person committing the theft. The results showed that the more is the source of the burglar polluted and corrupted، the more likely he/she is to steal. The city of Bandar Abbas has seen the destination of Azeri tribes migrating from its origins in neighboring provinces since the 2000s in order to seek better job opportunities and also migrate from other cities in the province in order to find better jobs and make more money in the province.

Background and objectives: The prison and prisoners' issues, as one of the last stopping stations for criminals and delinquents, have always been a concern of the judiciary, law enforcement, and prison managers, and it is important to address the issues of crime reduction from various dimensions. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the social and cultural factors affecting non-returning to prison among prisoners in southern Khorasan Province with an emphasis on in-prison training. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-survey. A sample of 312 individuals was selected randomly from all prisoners (men and women) who had the experience of returning to jail in South Khorasan prisons. The data were collected by Glock and Stark Religiosity Questionnaire, Philips et al. 's Social Support, and a researcher-made questionnaire that evaluated five dimensions (social participation, mental problems, social supervision and control, social learning, and detention history). Findings and results: The results showed that the return of prisoners to prison was more than average and there was a significant relationship between social support (support of friends and social support in general), social control and supervision, social participation of prisoners and non-return of prisoners to prison. The results also showed that there is no significant relationship between religiosity, social support (the dimension of family and people support) and mental problems.

Background and objectives In order to establish order and security، police use different management practices and styles. As management in the police is a management on an open system that interacts with the environment، police directors have two internal (internal issues of the police department) and external (interactions of the organization with the environment) roles، and both roles are equally important، and weaknesses in each of these leads to fail to achieve the goals of the organization. The scientific study of the relationship between managerial styles and their impact on promoting a sense of security can partly signal the strength and weakness of police performance. Therefore، this research attempts to investigate the effect of managerial style of commanders and law enforcement officers on the level of sense of security of Ilami citizens. Methodology The research method was descriptive-survey and the data gathering tool in the library study phase was note-taking and in the field study phase was a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire confirmed using Cronbach's alpha (0. 78) and its content and face validity was approved by professors and experts. The statistical population of the study was women and men holding higher education in management and security and the residents of Ilam city in 2014; and the sample size was calculated as 164 individuals using Cochran's formula. Findings The findings of the research show that among the management styles studied in this study، the combined style of commanders and law enforcement managers with a coefficient of 72% and the t-value of 22. 202 and the traditional style with a coefficient of 47% and a t-value of 19. 157 and the situational style with a coefficient of 28% and a t-value of 16. 1619 are ranked from first to third، respectively، in terms of preference and impact on the sense of security of Ilami citizens. Results The results of the analysis show that the implementation of different types of patrols with the consideration of the conditions and time requirements is in the first position، and the existence of the police that are in line with social norms and the existence of the police that have adapted themselves to the values of society are in the next position

Background and objectives Cyberspace allows individuals with common interests to find each other، interact and associate، and learn and reinforce behaviors that are as abnormal and risky. This space takes away the time، place، and social constraints governing the behavior and association of individuals، and it is unclear how much these virtual interactions affect the high-risk behaviors of the youths. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the individuals' association with cyberspace with high-risk behaviors in cyberspace and real life. Methodology In terms of its purpose this study is of an applied research type، and the study has been conducted with quantitative approach and survey method. A sample of 400 students from Shiraz University was selected using stratified sampling method and completed the questionnaire. The validity of the research was confirmed using face validity method and reliability of the scales was obtained using Cronbach's alpha test. Findings Inferential findings show that there is a positive and significant correlation between the use of mobile phones، Internet and ultimately association in cyberspace and high-risk behaviors in cyberspace and real life. Also، multivariate regression analysis indicated that the association variable in cyberspace explains 37% of the variance of risky behaviors in cyberspace and real life. Results Cyberspace is not only an area for learning high-risk behaviors but also an environment for their emergence; the impact of cyber associations on risky behaviors (cyber and real life) is more than the companions in real space. The findings of this study point to the necessity of reviewing differential association theory with respect to the emerging cyber environment، and on the other hand، the need to pay more attention and supervision of families and law enforcement officials in preventing the harm and the risks of cyberspace.

Background and objectives In various perspectives، crime has different definitions and terms in its national or international law in each country according to the conditions، situations، and spatial and political conditions of each country. According to the laws and regulations of our country، crime is defined in Article 2 of Islamic Penal Code as each behavior، including the action or abandoning the action that punishment has been determined for it. The crime of robbery is divided into the simple robbery and robbery with violence، which has been dealt with in the Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran، approved in 1996. From criminological view، in committing robberies involving violence، internal and external causes are effective. The purpose of this study was a criminological study of the causes of violent robberies against people's property. Methodology In terms of its purpose this study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered as a descriptive-analytic study. Data gathering method in this research included field studies and interviews from 85 prisoners in Rajaie Shahr Prison in Tehran. Findings and results Various factors (internal and external) have been involved in committing robberies involving violence. Internal factors such as violence، rancor، and aggressiveness had the least and external factors such as economic، cultural، and geographical poverty had the most impact on the robberies involving violence. There is a significant relationship between the victim's resistance and his physical condition from internal factors، and economic factor (the status of living place، residential and financial condition) from external factors with robberies involving violence

Background and objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between urban disorder and the victimization experience of women in Yazd. In order to explain the issue، the views of everyday activities، lifestyles، social pathology، and Ekblom's crime conditions were employed. Methodology In terms of its purpose this study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered as a descriptive-analytic study. The research data were collected through a survey method and from a sample of 336 individuals among 15-60 year-old women living in Yazd using proportional cluster sampling method and the Cochran formula. Findings and results The results of this study indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between urban disorder in social and physical dimensions and victimization، and the relationship between awareness and knowledge and victimization is inverse and significant. Also، variables such as age، transportation status and living place had a direct and weak relationship with victimization. The results of regression analysis showed that the variables in the model could explain up to 43% of the changes in the dependent variable; form all the variables entered in the regression model، three variables of urban disorder، awareness and knowledge، and age were significant، and urban disorder had the most explanatory effect and knowledge in the second and ages is in the third rank of effect; and the variables of the status of living place and transportation have no significant effect.

Background and objectives One of the problems that police officers are facing is the problem caused by the use of firearms in police missions، so that annually، some people and defendants suffer from death، serious harm، financial and life losses as a result of the use of police officers from a deadly weapon. As a result، a large number of police officers and police officers have been tried in military courts for committing murders or physical injuries due to the use of weapons، and in some cases have been personally sentenced to payment of money، imprisonment or، in some cases، retaliation، and in other cases، the police have paid Diyah. In this research، the researcher is seeking to provide appropriate strategies for using non-lethal weapons when chasing the suspects and lower the number of casualties caused by police shooting. Methodology In terms of its purpose this study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered as descriptive-analytic study. It describes the existing situation and addresses the merits and demerits of the present situation through rational and deductive reasoning and proposes better and more efficient legal rules in this area. Findings and results The use of non-lethal weapons plays a critical role in the community and police organization. Its first effect is to reduce human casualties; according to Quranic verses، hadiths and jurisprudential sources، preserving human life and precaution is one of the most important effects of the use of non-lethal weapons. Second، due to the nature of the weapon that is not deadly، it increases the community-basis of police from the perspective of the people، which itself increases the satisfaction with the organization and government and also reduces the cost of paying Diyah، which itself preserves organization budget and organizational excellence. The third effect، due to the decrease in the number of murders and physical damage in the field of police missions، it reduces the number of complaints from employees and the lack of motivation from the agents، which itself has a significant role in the dynamics of the organization

Background and objectives Street، as the most important public area of the city، has a significant role in the physical activity and mobility of citizens by creating a safe environment، hence affects their health. In this regard، an attempt has been made to identify the most important safety and security indicators by examining the literature on the healthy streets، and how they affect the health of urban streets. Methodology The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and the required data are collected through library resources and field studies، and the analyses of the research data have been conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics. According to the latest census، the sample size is set as 384 individuals using the Cochran formula. Findings According to the values obtained from the Pearson correlation coefficient with a significant level less than 0. 05، there is a significant and positive correlation between lighting indices، pedestrian and people on vehicle interfaces، cozy and distant spaces، plants and stationary and mobile barriers، and the health of studied axis. Results An analysis of street users' perception of street health has shown a low safety and security level in Nader Street. Also، the level of perception of users of the street from safety and security problems detected in Nader Street indicates the significance of the problems from the viewpoint of the people. The level of physical activity and mobility of the residents and the overall health level of Nader Street were lower than the average.

Background and objectives Recent criminal investigations have shown that traditional criminal justice in its approach has failed to solve the problem of crime rate rising as expected. This incapacity of traditional criminal justice has created new approaches to the criminal phenomenon، its effects and how to deal with it، most notably the approach to restorative justice. Methodology In terms of its nature this study is of an applied research type and descriptive-analytic. The data are collected through library studies. The researcher analyzed and evaluated the issue by referring to legal and Islamic jurisprudence resources as well as civil rules and regulations. Findings and results The results of this research indicate that contrary to traditional criminal justice، special attention has been paid to the victim and his damages، and the main purpose of the processes and guarantee of the implemented performances is to restore the victim's damage and give the responsibility to the offender. Thus، with restorative justice programs، before enforcing the court order، simply compensate the injured person or other people، and reduce the civil liability of the judicial officers appointed in this research for the employees of the I. R. I. Police. By convening a meeting between the victim and the offender with the civil servant and creating compassionate meetings before the court، and dealing with the subject matter، civil liability of judicial officers may be terminated. Unfortunately، in the current judicial system، the restorative justice institution has not been very well used to compensate for civil liability، but in some cases، the resolution council has made good use of the tools of this institution. Ultimately، international rules and international institutions have recently accepted restorative justice.

Background and objectives Since violent crimes have massive physical and psychological damage to people and have increased in recent years، this study attempts to investigate the factors affecting the crimes committed among prisoners in the Sirjan city in 2011-2016. Methodology In terms of its purpose this study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered as a descriptive-survey study. The sample included all 63 prisoners who have committed violent crimes in Sirjan prisons and are being punished for their crimes. The method employed in this study was interviewing and open questionnaire. Of all the perpetrators of violent crimes، only 51 were willing to be interviewed. Findings Most male offenders are low-educated، unemployed or have low-income jobs and such crimes were committed in less than 35 year-old age group، and there was a significant relationship between factors such as addiction، the experienced offender، living in criminal hotspot areas، family status of prisoners and violent crimes. Results Deviant behavior is learnable and it is learned in the process of communicating with others، especially in the family. In general، factors such as age، gender، education، income، occupation، addiction، prison record، and having low-education families and low-income families، or addicted parents or offender parents and experienced offenders in the family are effective on the individual's being criminal