JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT (QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES)
Year:2014 | Volume:7 | Issue:1 (24)|Papers Count:12

Introduction & Objective: Anxiety is a respond of anorganism to a likely treat which can disturb the cellular homstasis. Serotonergic & cannabinoidergic systems contribute in many physiologic behaviors like anxiety. This study was done to investigate the effect of cannabinoidergic system on central amygdala and its interference with serotonergic system on anxiety in "Elevated Plus Maze"Materials and Methods: After a week resting , several doses of Arachidonile Cyclo Propyle Amide (ACPA) and selected Agonist of serotonergic receptore 1 (5-HT1) with commercial name of "CP94253 Hydrochloride" has been Microinjected into Central Amygdala of rat. The presence in Open Arms Time percent (OAT%) and the number of entrance  into the open arms percent (OAE%) and locomotor activity (LA) was measured. Results: Injection of ACPA has no effect anxiety behaviors. Injection of high doses of agonist of serotonergic receptor has also got no effect of anxiety. microinjection of non effective dose of CP94253 Hydrochloride into Central Amygdala could suppres the anxyolitic effect of ACPA.Conclusion: Presynaptic cannabinoid receptore of CB1 could inhibit many neurotransmitters secration like serotonin and it seems that serotonin agonist could replace the inhibited neurotransmitter by ACPA.

Introduction & Objective: Liver is an important organ with special function in metabolism of drugs. Danazol is a drugs for treatment of some patients. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect Danazol on function, liver enzymes including ALT, AST, ALP and blood biochemical factors such as protein and albumin and histological changes of liver in newborn male rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 40 newborn male rats wistar strain divided into 5 group of 8.the newborns were taken from pregnant mothers which divided to the control group that received nothing, the sham group that received solvent (1.6H2O+0.4 ethanol) and three experimental groups that received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. Danazol in the pregnancy period for 21 days orally. In 22th days after parturition, the newborns weighted and the blood samples prepared for AST, ALT, ALP, albumin, protein a valuating by Technicon RA1000 autoanalyzer and pars Azmoon kit made in Iran. In addition, the newborns liver evaluated by H&E histological staining methods.Results: The body weight in the experimental group showed decreasing and the concentration of AST, ALT and ALP showed increasing significantly (P<0.05) compare with control group. whereas in plasma concentration of albumin and protein weren’t seen any significant change. In tissue samples prepared with increasing amounts of the drug was observed  more necrosis.Conclusion: It can be concluded that Danazol causes weight loss by increasing the levels of liver  enzymes also this drug causes necrosis and damaging in liver tissue،however،more investigations are needed.

Introduction & Objective: Compensatory growth is a phase of rapid growth following feed restriction in such critical situations which it is observed in cold water and warm water fishes. Response to starvation and refeeding this includes eating more fish, feed efficiency and growth factors can be improved. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of starvation and compensatory growth on growth and survival of rainbow trout was conducted. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted for 8 weeks in four Groups and three replications: Group 1: 8 weeks full feeding, Group 2: One week starvation+a week feeding, Group 3: two weeks starvation+two weeks feeding, Group 4: three weeks starvation+three weeks of feeding. 240 fingerlings rainbow trout with an average initial weight 3.81±0.46 g, and the average initial length of 5.4±0.67 cm in 12 breeding tank with 20 fish per tank with a capacity of 50 liters completely randomized design and distribution of water for 8 weeks were maintained under the same conditions in terms of environmental conditions. Results: The results showed that there was a significant differences between groups in growth factors of rainbow trout fingerlings (P<0.05). As fingerlings grow fed diet with starvation and compensatory growth were compared with other groups. However, no significant difference in survival rates between groups.Conclusion: Results showed a reduction in starvation and compensatory growth of rainbow trout fingerlings has not been able to offset the slowdown.

Introduction & Objective: This study attempts to evaluate the effect of using Choline supplement on free fatty acids changes and b-hydroxybutyrate of plasma and subsequently on fat metabolism during a prolonged exercise session in elite triathlete men. Materials and Methods: Nine elite triathlete men were chosen for this purpose and in a one blind, cross over design; they fulfilled two 120 min running exercise session on treadmill at intensity of 59-64% Vo2max. One hour before first exercise, subjects were received placebo and one hour before second exercise they were received choline bitarate supplement. For measuring free fatty acids and b-hydroxybutyrate of plasma, sampling from subject's blood was done before and after each exercise and colorimetric method was used to measure these characteristics. For analyzing data, repeated-measures ANOVA was used in a meaningful level (p<0.05).Results: The results from comparing two exercises shows that free fatty acid level of plasma at the end of exercise by using choline supplement was meaningfully lower than the analogous amount in exercise by placebo. On the other hand, amount of b-hydroxybutyrate at the end of exercise by using choline supplement was meaningfully more than the analogous amount in exercise by placebo. Findings show that using choline supplement increases free fatty acid uptake from plasma and increases b-hydroxybutyrate level of plasma at the end of exercise.Conclusion: These changes can indicate the increase of fat oxidation in prolonged exercise session.

Introduction & Objective: Disinfectants, to destroy or disable pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, viruses, etc. are used. Performance is a complex function of several variables, a disinfectant, such as the type and amount the material and the type and concentration of microorganisms, contact time, water quality, etc. So, in many cases it's best to choose an appropriate disinfectant, is an in vitro study. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations tolerated by potassium permanganate in fish carp and their impact on the flora of skin and tissue of the gills are. Material and Methods: Experiment with 5 treatments and a control (each with three replicates) at the Institute of International Sturgeon doctor Rasht Dadman phenomenon in the summer of 1391. Toxicity Testing in the 25-liter tank, two-thirds filled with water and were aerated for 24 hours, were conducted. weighted average of 10 fish per tank storage was  3.74±0.45 g. The first, LC10, LC50, LC90 at 96 hours in residence on the 180 grass carp fish concentrations were determined by the logarithmic method. Within 96 hours of the end of the gill tissue was studied histologically.Results: The results showed that the gills after exposure in the presence of potassium permanganate phenomena such as congestion, adhesions secondary gill filaments and cell necrosis (low), hyperplasia, atrophy of primary and secondary fibers were seen clubbing. After 96 h of exposure to concentrations determined in order to evaluate in terms of total bacteria, CFU skin biopsy was performed. And results in skin samples treated 0.25 milligrams per liter compared with the other treatments and the control of bacteria were lower. Conclusion: In general we can say based on LC50 96h, this antiseptic is very toxic to fish carp with respect to the influence of physicochemical factors on the toxicity of these substances on fish, can be in different conditions will show different results. Visitors will be different.

Introduction & Objective:  Formalin and copper sulfate  are compounds than those who are constantly in aquaculture to treat parasitic infections and bacterial infections are used. Fish skin are as organs that are constantly exposed to the external environment and because of its role in respiration and osmotic balance of these chemicals and heavy metal are the first target. The purpose of this study is of histopathological effects of copper sulfate and formaldehyde concentrations on skin tissue of white fish in the Caspian SeaMaterial and Methods: In this research, indication of probable waste for skin tissues of Khazar white fish with average weight of 428 Mg and length weight of 3.5 Cm is addressed after exposing to different compactness of copper sulfate (in 20 minutes short time care and 24 hours long time care,100ppm and 1ppm) and formalin (in short time care and long time care,25ppm and 250ppm). After stabilizing tissues in 10 percent formalin and making 5 micrometer section, it is painted with hematoxylin method and is studied by optical microscope.Results: The results showed that in the consideration of skin histology, there was not any changes in skin cells which was in exposure of lowest compactness of copper, but in compactness of 100ppm disparting epidermis layers was more than basal layer. Keratinocyte layer existent in skin remained without any change and effects of bleeding was not seen.Conclusions: In considerations of skin, individuation of layers is seen in a mild extent and in long time care is seen in Malpigy cells and disparting epidermis layers from basal layers and effects of hyperemia has not been seen.

Introduction & Objective:  Diabetes is a metabolic resulting from defects in insulin secretion and function. Pomegranate is a nutritional substance, used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. In the current study we checked the treating effects of the pomegranate juice on diabetes and its side effects on liver. Thus, in the current study investigated the effects of pomegranate juice on liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, AST) in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.Material and Methods: In the current study, 90 adult  male Wistar rats weighing  200 to 220 g each were randomly selected and divided to five groups of control(without any intervention), sham (distilled water), experimental diabetic and non –diabetic1,2 and 3 groups (4cc of pomegranate juice (PJ)). Diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitionesl injection of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin. In the experimental groups, rats were treated for 21days with a signal dose of pomegranate juice for each day. At the end of the day 21, a blood sample was taken from the experimental and control group and were measured the serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP). The data were evaluated using ANOVA and LSD.Results: Results showed that pomegranate juice reduces significantly liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) in the diabetic group than in the control group and the control group had no significant effect.Conclusion: Pomegranate juice with flavonoid and antioxidant compounds and also due to decrease blood glucose levels causes enzymes of ALT, AST, and ALP in diabetic rats.

Introduction & Objective: Almost any type of stress, whether physical or neurogenic, causes increased secretion of cortisol from the adrenal. The connection between stress and the gut microflora have been showed by several studies and severely damaged gut microflora could cause stress and vise versa. Since Probiotics modulate the composition of the intestinal microflora, they plays an important role in ameliorating the side effects of stress.Material and Methods: For this study, forty male wistar rats aged 12-14 weeks and weighed 110-130 gm was used. After a 2-week adaptation period, the rats were randomly divided into four group positive control, negative control (stress), trail 1 (probiotic) and trail 2 (probiotic with stress). Trail groups were administrated with 2×109 cells of Lactobacillus casei TD2, by oral gavage. Restraint stress was applied to the treated group for 15 minutes. After 21 days, rats were anesthetized with ether and blood samples were taken from heart. Then EIA kit is used for quantitative determination of corticosterone in plasma.Results: Our results showed that corticosterone level in positive group was significantly increased compare to negative control. It also became clear that receiving probiotics in second trial group caused a significant decrease in hormone concentration to 0.226±0.005 mg/d compared to the positive control. Further examination of the results showed that the Trail 1 group had normal hormone levels compare to negative controls. Conclusions: The results of these tests indicate that the probiotic Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic can reduce the negative effects of chronic stress and reduce corticosterone hormone levels of blood significantly.