JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION AND JURISPRUDENCE
Year:2011 | Volume:7 | Issue:27|Papers Count:10

The sound sale means the purchase of some article in protective responsibility until a given time at the present price. Its purpose is both exchanges, i.e., the main product or property in sale is referred to as price or value. The sold material should be specified before both parties separation.In the Banking system, it is performed in a way that the banks begin to buy the goods before the delivery of the finished products, so that they could supply some of the working/current capital of the manufacturing units upon the request of those economic entities. Therefoe, those entities receive their money from the bank, provided that they would deliver the finished goods in a due time.However, sound sales in the Electronic Trade is carried out in a way that a person is to refer to the site and order the purchase of a given article. Regarding the writing of a long-term check with a little amount and in cash is not considered a sound sale.The paper seeks to study the viewpoints of the jurists in this concern. Some jurists believe if this act should be free from usury, it is not true, for it is considered to be ususry.

The existing historical witnesses and evidences indicate that a large city, with at least a thousand years of age, was once located near the present city of Toysercan in Hamedan Province, which was gradually ruined after the seventh century AH, where a village known as Rood Lavar is now the inheritor of that ancient city.Although the information and explorations in this concern are not vast and accurate, the existing evidences in the old books and in ancient works as well as some limited explorations prove and confirm the existence of that ancient city. The mausoleum of the Holy Prophet Highoogh (a.s.), who lived 2000 years ago, is now found in that place, along with the Saldjooghid era architecture. Similarly, in history, there are the names of some scientists, with the titles of Rooz Avar.According to the works and writings of historians and geographers, the growth and production of saffron and its delivery to other lands was prevailing in that area, but nowadays, this economic activity is of no avail.In the early centuries AH books, no name of the present city of Toysercan, located near that ancient city, is found, but two separate names of Toy and Sercan are seen.

In ancient Iran, the architecture experienced great improvents and evolution during several centuries. During the Sassanid Period, arts and architecture benefited from a considerable development while the designing of architectural plots and aesthetic concepts on art recognition in this period overshadowed over the foreign territories. The square arches with domes and porticos adopted from the Ashcanid heritage were completed in the Sasanid era and were used abundantly during the Islamic period. The improvements of ancient arts and architecture were under consideration during the Islamic times.The appearance of the Saljooghids caused a great transformation in the architectural arts in the history of Iran which could be considered as the beginning of the implementation of the colored tiles in architecture and as a foreground for the development of decorations in the following periods.The progress of architecture in mosque buildings in the Saljooghid times was of great significance.This article seeks to study the effect of the Sassanid arts and architecture on the Saljooghid architecture. The characteristic of design and Iranian style in mosques architecture, using the porticos and the types of mosques with arches and porticos rooted in the Iranian traditions of Pre-Islamic period. The application of brick works in architecture, the abundant utilization of plaster molding art in architecture are of great importance in Iranian architecture from the Sassanid period which were Improved and developed in the Saljooghid times.

This paper ia an attempt to consider the proofs and view points of the jurists concerning imprisoning the insolvent debtor, which falls into five categories. Then it proceeds to criticize and investigate the solution contradictions of those reasons and views in that concern observing the Verse of Andhar (the Public View). as saying: If there is an insolvent or needy person among the debtors, give him/her an opportunity and wait until he/she becomes rich. (II.280) Abu Hanifa and some of the pious men among the Sunnites believe in the imprisonment of the insolvent debtor even if his/her adversity has been proved through backgrounds and proofs.In the traditions related by the shi ites, it has been recounted that the insolvent person must be put into prison until his/her adversity and poverty should be proved, then, he/she can be set free.Some jurists do not agree on the imprisonment, in the frist place, unless the insolvent individual is accused of hiding his/her property or asset. Others allow the imprisonment of the insolvent person, who has lost his property by using it illegally through commiting sins.There is a diversity of opinions among the jurists on the imprisonment length of time of the insolvent person. Considering these traditions and viewcoints pertaining to the imprisonment of the insolvent debtor, there is a contradiction of proofs and viewpoints with the public Views (Andhar).

The Abbasid Caliphate, from the reign of Mo' atesim of Abbasi due to overcoming over the Turks in the Caliphate system, began to grow weaker and weaker and end in decline and collapse. The weakening political power aand authority of Caliphs caused the Amir of the commanders of Turk to get hold of power particularly, and change the Caliph at his will. Therefore, the Caliph was a puppet under the control of Turk military forces. But the Buwayyid measurements, due to the religious Shi' ite desires, who had no belief in the Caliph, provoked the Caliphate to forfeit its power and authority, and to lose its political and spiritual power and to allow the entry of other governments legally into the Islamic government.Having brought Baghdad under their control, the Buwayyids tried to revive the Shi' ite traditions in Baghdad and in other territories under their realm and domination. This problem was in contrast with the religious policy of Caliphate, but on the other hand, the Abbasid induced the Caliphs, after the conflict among the second generation of the Buwayyids, to appeal to the rivals of the Buwayyids secretly to reduce the power and authority of Caliphs. Even, they called for help from the Saldjooghids.The present paper is an attempt, through using the sources from the Buwayyids Era, to study their relations with the Abbasids while explaining the resulting outputs.

The appearance of those who claimed to be prophets and the redeemers of the fellow religious people under the tyranny and oppression and the yolk of the cruel rulers has always existed among all religions and religious castes throughout history. Among the Jews, there has been the idea of the existence of a leader and redeemer occurring many times so far.One of those people who claimed to be Messiah and to be a false Messenger in the Ottoman Emperor was Shebtaye Souy. He started his mission as a messenger in the Ottoman Emperor, as one of the active centers of Jews, who founded a mysterious caste called Doonma.This paper is an attempt to investigate the cause and the way the Jews entered the Ottoman Emperor as an introduction as well as the background of how the movement of Shebtaye Souy came into existence.Then, it proceeds to study its objectives, its activities, ideas, and the role of Its followers in the Ottoman Government.

Today, Computers and the Internet help people to run many tasks easily. But the speed and the ability to easily doing the tasks provide new open ways for committing a crime. Thus, the governments are facing the increase of laws to punish the people who abuse this technology and threat to personal privacy and their business, the public safety, and the national security.The purpose of the present paper is to study, explain and analyze the evolution of laws related to computer crimes in Iran and in other countries. The occurrence of this crime can be reduced with the appropriate information and education to prevent the happening of many other crimes. In addition, it causes to reduce the existing legal vacuum in this area in the country. The paper proceeds to offer suggestions useful and helpul for the legislators as well as for the programmers and users of computers and the Internet.

In the early years of 10/16 century, Transoxanian land was undergoing a new tribal rule of the Mongols called the Shaibanians across the lands, once under the suzerainty and realm of Amir Tymoor and his successors.Almost, in the same period, the Safavids, with their new religious idiosyncrasy, were going to bring under their control the whole land of Iran once more.This article seeks to study the triangle across the coast of Amu-Darya, through casting a glance at the status of the Ozbacks concerning the political relations between King Ismaeil and Baber.