STUDIES OF LITERARY CRITICISM (LITERARY RESEARCH)
Year:2010 | Volume:- | Issue:17|Papers Count:9

Firdawsi’s thoughts and his masterpiece, Shahnameh, can be considered as the yields of two different cultures or two different sources of thinking that Persian culture is in one side and Islamic culture is in another side. When Firdawsi intended to versify Shahnameh, it had been passed four century after the arrival of Islam to Persia, and Islamic thoughts certainly had a lot of influences on Firdawsi and his masterpiece: Shahnameh. Not only Islamic thoughts but also the ancient religious rituals, beliefs and customs before the advent of Islam certainly had influenced Firdawsi and his work. It is tried to be brought up the influence of Zorvanism on Firdawsi and Shahnameh and also we will represent the portrait of Zorvanism in Shahnameh and Firdawsi’s unconscious mind. It can be said that some issues like believing in the long sovereignty of evil in the world, Firdawsi’s beliefs in determinism, quarreling with women and the portrait of the union between religion and monarchy in Shahnameh have been raised from the influence of Zorvanism on Firdawsi’s unconscious or perhaps conscious mind.

Intellectualism is the acception  wisdom superior criterion in thinking and operation and the important factors in intellectual thinking is the existentialism thinking and the authority of ETEZALY thinking and tendency to the wisdom and philosophy at forth century. This century is the maximum intellectual thinking, and the SAMANIAN made the approximate economic and politic convenience. They encouraged the intellectual thoughts and attitudes for happiness and experimentalism too. So the important criterion for goodness and badness doings is acception rationality and intellectualist. In this article the bases of the thinking after Islam about forth century in SHAHNAME is analysised and.

Ode (Ghazal) -like introduction of ancient Pagandom Arab Balladry which is called “Nasib”, include some parts like crying in deserts and fields, describing remained tracks of placement of traveled loved one, separation from her and her Caravan and process of traveling and movements that all of them are symbols of tribal life style.All poets of this era have followed the same cliché and structure but Sa_alik. Even all their words, descriptions and complexes are repeated.

Justice is a term paid attention to by Hakim Sanayee in his works repeatedly, which originates from his belief in and the influence of justice in society.Realism mixed with idealism causes Sanayee to make an image of an ideal society and not neglect realities in politics and relations of forces in society.Being familiar with political ideas of Islam and Iran, being aware of the influence of justice on society, and having good relationship with kings and ministers of the second Gaznavid and Seljuk dynasties, Sanayee has tried to interfere in theoretical realm of politics and inspire his thoughts in his poems and invite the then kings to justice.This article tries to analyze the methods of using the term justice by Sanayee through three approaches of belief, ideal, and reality and explain each are using evidences found in his poems. Idealism crystallizes in his eulogies about kings, and realism takes shape in his social, odes. The poet tries to express his ideas and feelings while expressing social realities in his poems.

Raavandi is a historian and poet in the half-second of the sixth century and during the early seventh century, in spite of his fame from the topic of Raahat alsodour, but as it would be his life, and character is not well known.The distribution without Persian introduction of Raahat alsodour is the evidence of this claim.At this essay, the writer tries to study different corners of life and scientific character of this great historian based on Raahat alsodour from different views and he talks about the topic of periods of life, education, belief, thought and worth, and the scientific and literary status, and his influence from others and his effectiveness on the others.Among the poets before Raavandi, Ferdowsi has influenced on him more than all and he has more respect for Mojir Beylaghani among his contemporaneous.Severe religious intolerances and his interest to Abou hanifeh separate him from the way of fairness and make him to saying superstition.

In this article Aristotles' etihics theory has been reviewed according to "Nicommachean ethics" book, among Aristotles' memorable works of prominence which have always been subject to intellectuals' perpetual attention and consideration, this book is one of the best. In Aristotle ethice essentional meaning is salvation. His survey of ethics gravitates to something not for any other reason than being essentionally desirable. In other words, Aristotle was chasing ultimate good. Many a time in distinguishing between true and falsehood, they take recourse to common sense and public likes and dislike. A prosperous man is deemed a virtues man by Aristotle and his analysis of virtue has left such a tremendous effect that the last projection of this influence can be traced in the so called ethics theory, "virtues ethics" wich effected the philosophy of modern ethics to a grate extent.

One of the main archetypes in human cultures is the archetype of heaven utopia. This archetype includes the human visionary image of the heaven and his wish of establishing the ideal universe best and best qualification. In human cultures, one of the main samples of this archetype is utopia that utopian literature is dependent to this archetype.The archetypes of heaven utopia are a common theme in the genres and samples of utopian literature and cultural various backgrounds (also ritual- mythic- religious and politic backgrounds), are difference motives in this works.The famous samples of the archetype of heaven utopia in ancient Iranian culture and classical Persian literature have been divined to five titles: 1- The samples of the archetype of heaven utopia in the myths of ancient Iran and Ferdowsi’s Shahname.2- The samples of the archetype of heaven utopia in the architecture of ancient Iran.3- Philosophic interpretations of the archetype of heaven utopia and ideal utopia.4- Didactic works about the journey’s mystic king to earthly paradise.5- Mystic Never land: an abstract interpretation of the archetype of heaven utopia.6- The culture and literature of "Shi' a" religion and religious interpretation of the archetype of heaven utopia.Also, we observe many utopian literary works in contemporary age, because intensifying the social- politic backgrounds that we find their samples in contemporary poetry and contemporary prose (story literature).In this paper, after an introduction about the archetype of heaven utopia in the collective unconscious, we analyze genres and samples of the archetype of heaven utopia in ancient Iranian culture and classical Persian literature and also in Persian contemporary poetry and prose.

This article is the result of a study on fictional-traditional European novel as a literary category, its nature and included subjects, the history of its development, its social and cultural background and its written and narrative style. After discussing the literal meaning of fictional and the way it got into the literature world, we have talked about the roots and the history of appearance of this literary style in late eighteen century and its dehiscence in early nineteen century, and remarkable writers in this area have been briefly introduced.After reviewing the domain and subjects of fictional novels, some examples of its usage in literary works and the reason of its difference with other kinds of extraordinary types have been considered.In continue, with discuss the writing style, the narration form and general classification of the subject.In each section, according to its subject, remarkable writers and their works have been reviewed. Finally, the diversion and ending of this style in twentieth century is reviewed.