ARABIC LANGUAGE & LITERATURE
Year:2017 | Volume:12 | Issue:4 |Papers Count:8

When we investigate contemporary poem of Iraq and its reformations, we find many poets in literary map of Iraq applying their poetic aptitude as an arm to support Iraqi nation’s ideal and to struggle against tyrants. Ahmed Matar, an Iraqi poet, is one of the most eminent resistance poets recognized as a first class cultural and jihadi person. He has developed important theories about motherland, dominion and politics. This poet has been affected by Holy Qur’an, its terms and meanings. Also this principle is obvious in his poetry works. He has defended his motherland, and has struggled in this way, and has been exposed to the suffering of pain and dispersion. His poems and ironic method are a backlash, live outcry, biting critique against Baath Regime and its suppressible behaviors, and disclosure the conspiracy of regnant powers, spies and aliens. The present article, by emphasis on descriptive-analytical method, investigates the concepts of ridicule (sarcasm) and its samples in Ahmed Matar’s poem. It also attempts to investigate his biting ridicule method in Iraqi society and the amount of its influence on Iraqi people’s awakening for struggling with rebellion, encountering with autarchy and contesting against contradictions, ignorance and false slogans of the society.

Defamiliarization or deviation is one of the foundational pillars to studies of contemporary linguistics and its purpose is to deviate from the logical and natural norm and to go beyond the common Language, so stylistic and aesthetic purposes Language appear in this manner and this (unfamiliarity) can create intellectual engagement in mind of the reader and make an impression on his. Ghada al-Samman is one of the poets of the new movement of Arabic poetry and she used the literary genres and foregrounding techniques of language like defamiliarization in her poems. This article tries to examine the defamiliarization or deviation and its kinds (grammatical, semantic, morphological, writing and ancient) in poetry book “I declare Love upon you” by the Syrian poet, through descriptive analytical method, and you can see the results of the article about each of these deviations in pie chart. As a result of this article we can almost see all of these kinds of deviations in this literary work, but the poet used semantic & grammatical deviation much more than the others.

Using and calling on t raditional heritage of the past is considered the most important literary techniques in contemporary Arabic poetry, that unites the past with present. In fact the contemporary poet by calling the heritage of the past achieved rich and inexhaustible source, and the calling of traditional characteristics is considered one of the literary techniques. The character of “Imam Hussein” (peace be upon him) is the most important of the traditional character that Arabic poets have influenced and been taken to calling it, because this religious character have literary implications, and different dimensions to fertilize and enrich the literary text. And in this regard, the using character if “Imam Hussein” (peace be upon him) not only to Muslim poets but because many poets of other religions such as Christian poets, were attracted to “Imam Hussein” (peace be upon him) character, and used this character to their poems as a symbol of martyrdom and self-sacrifice in the cause of faith, and stand against oppression and revolt. Also, this character has symbolization and new connotations that are tied the present to the past and depicted sufferings and hardship of present. Employing analytic – descriptive method, we try to discuss and analysis the level of influence the character of “Imam Hussein” (peace be upon him) in contemporary Christian poets, and the methods of calling this character and implications and factors leading to this use. In this research has been to explore the poetry poets such as Joseph Hashem, Raymond Kassis, George Shakur, Joseph Harb and George Zaki al-Haj.

Although the "imperative" mood forms the demand to do something with excellence commitment, which is its real implication, like other modes of composition, it diverges from its real and implication at many times and virtual implications are born from it using evidence in the sentence and time and position requirements. This article tried to investigate the imperatives in sermons of Nahj al-Balagha from a syntactic point of view. Then, its real and virtual implications were discovered with a descriptive analytical method. Various conjugations of imperatives have been used in the sermons of Nahj al-Balagha more than other moods. This mood has been used 559 times in Nahj al-Balagha which is 53 % of all the moods. Various conjugations of imperative have been used 51 times with real implication and 508 times with virtual implication and with rhetorical purposes. The most important cases of these implications are need, advice and guidance, punishment, warning, pray and credit.

Language and meaning are among the most important subjects that scholars have discussed since the earliest times and sometimes they have presented contradictory viewpoints about it. Undoubtedly, language and meanings have a life for themselves; some of them extinguish in their lifespan and others will survive. Some others undergo transformation and present themselves in new shapes. Similar to the human beings who have a life and live in the society, language and meaning have life and death. Ghartajani believes that language and meaning complement each other and are the two sides of the same coin. He also believes that if we express meaning by using beautiful and attractive language, it will have more effects on the audience. He dedicated many humanized meanings to language and meaning. In fact, he considers them as a human community which moves towards development and progression. In this paper based on a descriptive analytic procedure, this result was obtained that Ghartajani has used humanized shadings for meanings and language and has applied features like contraction and expansion, indigenous and other characteristics like greed, obscene and dignity, etc. to show the humanized character of meanings and language.

Conceptual metaphor is the most prominent achievements in cognitive linguistics and cognitive semantics. Based on this theory, most of the parts of our vision system and mindset is naturally metaphorical, which structures our way of thinking and understanding. Therefore, our understanding has strong relationship in all aspects, and since the ethical implications are naturally abstract, metaphor plays an important role in the ethical and moral texts. We can review Nahj al-Balagha as a moral and religious text, in different ways. This study tries to check the way of using conceptual metaphor in forming the ethical order of Nahj al-Balagha and analyze the conceptual metaphors of piety, passion, and lust with the usage of this theory. The results of this descriptive analytical study shows that the metaphor has a special place in the Alavi moral order, and Imam Ali used the various conventional and innovative metaphors to introduce the piety, passion, and lust, and their consequences.

“Bothaina al-Eisa” has focus on the male domination in her novels and this domination manifested itself in the novel “I grew up and forget to forget” that portrayed in various shaped embody rebellion and submission together with the central character of this novel. The novel written with poetic language and direct narrative style attempts to contact what hurts female accurately, and at the same time it came from conception through representation narrative that male dominance is a complex network of semantic rhetoric cannot be reduced in the specific framework. This reading relied on the “Michel Foucault” French philosopher system which helped us to open up to the text and access to its keys. He has left the language as a system of signs and entered the field to another world language as a means of communication expresses itself in discourse. And he confirms that the process of granting meaning to the hands of the discourse and of domination through strategies, it is what creates reality and continuity. The marginal female in this Construction put her in the position of many manifestations of a unique long subject for the man. What we have done is to look at the text in order to detect novelist ways that give a curtain of mystery to the discourse and assume the version made of the female is the truth as prescribed who make her fights sometimes succumb and embrace it at other times.