Maremat & memari-e Iran
Year:2019 | Volume:8 | Issue:16 |Papers Count:11

Karbandi is a common structural and covering pattern for arched surfaces in Persian architecture, which is rooted in the precise methods of descriptive geometry. These methods, due to their strict geometry, do not have much flexibility and have been used only in specific fields in Iranian architecture. Therefore, the questions arise: what are the limitations and requirements of common drawing methods of Karbandi design? And by discovering these limitations and requirements, how can Karbandi applications be expanded? This research aimed at answering the mentioned questions. For achieving the first purpose the geometry of Karbandis of Tabriz historic bazaar, as the salient samples in Persian architecture, have initially been analyzed. Then, according to the found limitations and requirements, it has investigated the possibility of Karbandi design on innovative and novel bases. This research has been carried out through a logical argumentation method by means of direct observation, corpus analysis and computer modeling to present solutions to increase the variety of Karbandi fields. The results of the research suggest that the conditions and adequate requirements for the geometric execution of an n-lateral Karbandi on the bases of regular or irregular quadrilaterals can be summarized in the three categories as follows: 1. The two facing angle of the base quadrilateral must be complementary. 2. All the four angles resulting from drawing either of the diameters must be a multiple of the result of dividing 180 (degrees) by the number of sides. 3. The Shamseh of Karbandi must be formed inside the base. The latter condition is met only when the center of the circumscribing circle is located inside the base. It was also determined that apart from rectangular and regular bases, the geometry of some types of Karbandi can also be accurately implemented in a group of irregular bases. Finally, according to the above conditions, a method was figured out through which it is possible to accurately calculate and draw the Karbandi geometry in accordance with the base geometry with the least error rate possible.

Historical texture can play an important role in the development of cities. Urban sustainable regeneration is one of the recent approaches in historical texture. In this approach, all indicators of sustainable development including economic, social, cultural, management and environmental dimensions have been used in conservation of the historical texture. All the principles of sustainable development have been proposed in regeneration. This research aim is explaining the model of economic regeneration in historical texture based on Parsons Structural Functionalism. Structural Functionalism Theory has identified social system into subsystems which have A (Adaptation functions), G (Goal gratification functions), I (Integration functions), and L (Latent pattern maintenance functions). This theory was based on the concern for the stability or maintenance of social system. This paper merges structural functionalism theory with economic regeneration in historical texture. Documents and statements of regeneration have been restored since the 1990s. The Methodology of this research is documentary method and qualitative content analysis in method. The model has been explained by analyzing documents, statements, charter and previous research. The reliability of the research has been confirmed with a scorecard of 87. 6% in the Scott test by the professors and conservation and restoration experts. Economic regeneration was characterized by four dimensions: Economic value, investment, Economic activity in historical texture and Branding. The results of the paper indicate that economic value has the adaptation function; investment has the duty of goal gratification, the function of economic activities in historical texture is integration function and branding has the duty of maintaining latent patterns of economic regeneration in historical textures.

Each country's cultural heritage indicates culture, history, and background of a nation, which has different social, economic, and historical values. However, the evaluation of the heritages does not take place considering the hidden values in them. Therefore, some values may be ignored in planning for preservation or exploitation of these heritages. On the other hand, budget, time, and workforce constraints necessitate a prioritized action plan. In this regard, it is necessary to provide a special priority of hidden values in heritages from experts' view point in the field of construction, architecture and urbanism to analyze the values of architectural and urban planning values. Naqshe Jahan Square in Isfahan as a valuable heritage with historical, social, cultural, and economic significance should be investigated to determine the priorities of its conservation and planning for its elements. In this regard, the present study with a descriptive – analytical approach and using the questionnaire and by ANP method was tried to identify and prioritize the values of architectural and urban planning values considering the expert's view. The results of this study shows that the urban space of Naghsh-e Jahan square is the first priority, Ali Qapu Palace is the second one, Sheikh Lotfollah mosque is the third priority, the fourth one is Imam mosque, and Qeisariyeh Bazaar is on the fifth place. The value priority of each heritage sites indicates the priority of intervention regarding policy making, planning, and implementing projects.

Professor Pirnia classified house space in three spatial systems; large, small and breack Peymoon which the basis of these categories is the spatial scale, number and arrangement of different spaces in them. Despite the nominal researches, specific researches have not been carried out about the introduction of spatial features and patterns ruling over them. The present study introduces the concept of confidentiality, as a principle in Islamic architecture, and additionally analyzes the spatial structure of three spatial systems and the way of responding to this principle. To do so, the method of "space syntax" is used. After the introduction of the originator of privacy architectural elements in space, such indicators are defined which are used to analyze and assess each of these factors. Then six samples of traditional houses of three Peymoon in the cities of Kashan and Isfahan were selected and above factors were measured for any of the houses. The method used in this study was quantitative, and method of data analysis was descriptive-analytic. The data gathering and analysing tools include justification charts, mathematical relationships and Depthmap software and any index was analyzed on its own device. The results show that confidentiality is a principle in all three systems of the house and has always attracted the attention of their creators. However the way of being flexible was different in the three spatial system. The comparison of spatial structures in response to confidentiality shows similar behavior in two different cities about the indicators such as introversion, privacy, hierarchy, and location houses. While there were differences regarding forbidding the nobility and the hierarchy of orders from outside to inside the house between the cities.

Throughout the history, interventions by masons and local builders have played a major role in the creation and continuity of Iranian architecture. Masons’ understanding and knowledge of conservation and architecture have been derived from experience and practice over the years. Nonetheless, conservation researchers have paid little attention, if any, to the masons’ knowledge, which can be seen in the contemporary literature of conservation. Moreover, local knowledge or indigenous know-how is often not registered except in the masons’ mind, which greatly contributes to the problem that the knowledge of this field is gradually fading away and we seem to be moving towards losing this invaluable information. Presently, and for different reasons, the remaining generation of vernacular architects or masons in Iran is at risk of disappearing. Furthermore, paying attention to masons-as one of the architecture and conservation’ s oral resources-can be a valuable reference for identifying and explaining the paradigm, fundamentals and criteria of conservation intervention in the past, since this tacit knowledge could be extracted and possibly applied in today’ s conservation. This research focuses on masons’ tacit knowledge and conservation interventions. This paper seeks to answer the following question: “ What have been the criteria-that has made the masons' decisions-for intervention conservation? " Therefore the research aims to explain the paradigm of conservation intervention in the past” . To do so, a group of experienced masons (20 Persons) in southern Khorasan, Iran, were identified, from whom data was collected through conversation as well as semi-structured interviews. Enjoying a combination of historical, descriptive, survey, and field study research methods, data were gathered through and then analyzed by using Grounded Theory (GT) approach. This was done through coding interviews' text, using MAXQDA 10 software. A wide spectrum of intervention could be identified by analyzing the masons’ tacit knowledge, which in general can be classified into three categories: namely “ conditions” , “ strategies” , and “ consequences” . Each of which are further described and categorized. The toned for periodic repairs and maintenance, preventive conservation and stabilization, changes to accommodate changing life styles, emergency conservation, and beliefs are example of causal conditions. Contextual conditions also are: materials and architecture changing, values, norms, and problems and limitations. Degree and level of masons-that provided by their practices in architecture and conservation-and education process are the intervening conditions. Among other measures, conservation strategies include repair, adaptation, renovation, and reconstruction. Continuity in function as well as structural stability can be considered as the main aims of conservation intervention.

One of the reasons for the lack of sense of place and identity in urban environments is the lack of original ideas and human-oriented concepts of Islamic thoughts in the cities. Therefore, paying attention to the sense of place in the traditional environments and its extension to today's neighborhoods is one of the most important requirements in designing residential environments. The main objective of this research is first to investigate and identify the components of attachment to the Islamic city and then promote attachment to the residential environments based on the guidelines of Islamic texts as well as to identify factors influencing the attachment at different space scales. This research uses the qualitative and quantitative approaches and compares the concepts of sense of belonging at different scales of residential environments based on content analysis and logical reasoning. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. Moreover, its characteristics and approaches in terms of physical, functional and meaning components have been studied. The results of findings show that the neighborhood and the city, the three physical, mental and spiritual needs of human should be satisfied in interaction of functional or behavioral, emotional and cognitive with residential environments, in order to create the sense of belonging in the scale of the house. The investigation of Islamic texts and Hadiths show that physical factors in the scale of house and social factors in the scale of neighborhood and the city are important. For example, the most indicated instruction by the Prophet is about taking care about the neighborhoods and communication with them and paying attention to ethics in the city and civil relationships in residential environments. Therefore, in the process of formation of the Islamic concept of urban space we should be more concerned with the social aspects of the city.

Understanding architectural heritage and their various aspects has always been a subject of focus for the international conservation organizations. During the recent decades, eventhough the place-names are part of the live history as well as cultural heritage, they have still constantly been facing hasty changes. As such, in the conservation literature, most studies have skipped addressing this phenomenon other than through a historicgeographical approach; thus, neglecting the specific character of place-names in the context of Architecture and also have not analyzed them with a conservational approach apt for revisiting their cultural significance and dynamism. Since any changes regarding the places’ names is a form of change in the totality of the object named, this study attempts to firstly discuss the propriety and necessity of regarding place-names through the perspective of Conservation, and eventually provide a theoretical approach to understand them in the light of a new holistic approach in which a place-name can be depicted with a spatial aspect. With this objective, we will evaluate the definitions of a “ name” and a “ place” and an architectural edifice in its place, where the following questions of “ what is the resemblance between the character of a name and that of a place” and “ how these characters relate to the memory of place” could be addressed. In this regard, by exploring the toponymical resources and those references related to the phenomenology of place, along with few place-name examples, the character of name and place will be represented in relation to life, events, and the associated meanings to them. At last, the results will be demonstrated in a comparative format between the current historical and the proposed holistic approach, within a few major principles as a new way to re-reading of the place-names. This comparative paradigm, that is, the explanation of a new conservational approach to the place-names, can be viewed as providing a theoretical context to view the names of historic sites and architectural edifices as intangible forms for the “ places of cultural significance” and not just as historical-linguistic aspects to name a location. Moreover, these deductions also provide a concrete foundation as to why a place-name must be seen in the light of contemporary conservation discourses, seen to be also focusing on the name character as an intangible form of place, and on the dynamics of names’ association to the objects of architecture over time.

The values of cultural heritage can be considered as a key word in interventions in conservation of cultural heritage. Nowadays, the role of value in various fields of heritage, especially in architecture heritage, is one of the most important factors that affects the conservation approaches. Along with and related to the concept of value, lies the concept of conservation, one as old as human civilization and culture. Due to variety and differences among values in different societies, conserving the values has to precisely identify the needs in each society, without concerning this matter, it is not possible to carry out an accurate conservation. This study aims to determine the relationship between the hidden values of architectural heritage in Iran and the ways of conserving them, and by assuming that there is a direct relationship between them, this study attempts to explain this relationship and introduce various kinds of heritage values and ways of conserving them. The main purpose of this thesis is to obtain a model based on which we can find ways of conservation regarding the values in architecture heritage. This model, known as the value-based three parts model, provide the suitable context to extract, assess, and prioritize various heritage values; it also makes the application of the values possible in order to carry out appropriate methods of conservation. In order to test, the model has been used in the world heritage collection of Takht-e Soleiman. Using this method resulted in a better decision making process in the field of conservation, and this can make a good opportunity to codify a charter of architecture conservation in Iran. The present paper applies the fundamental scientific process, and documentary and library methods are used to gather data.

Skyline is an effective factor in defining urbanscape features. This research examines the skyline with fractal dimension analysis and evaluates specified effects on urbanscape quality. This analysis is based on the definitions of urbanscape and visual analysis tools. The skyline can be studied as quantitative indicators to restrict and identity the cityscape or streetscape, it can be checked as a city brim and in the form of visual elements of the cityscape as well. According to the results, practical and documented responses to this concern are provided that how the "skyline" can be an effective component in improving the quality of the cityscape. This study evaluates the effect of height, form, and artifact and natural elements on the number of the fractal dimension of the skyline to match it to qualitative concepts. Using this hypothesis, by comparing the skyline (its fractal dimensional feature), in several different urban sequences, researchers can achieve criteria for the upper edges of the city. Also improves the urban ecosystem through its architectural features and urban landscape elements. This is a quantitative research based on libraries documents that is trying to analyze the Skyline as a fractal phenomenon by using concepts in the field of new mathematics and related software (Matlab-Benoit). In this study, the survay of the complexity and numerical properties of the "fractal dimension number analysis" about images has been selected as data collection method. In this method, the fractal number of the skyline is calculated in each image and this number specifies the spatial features and the space quality, in comparison to other sequences.