JOURNAL OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC PERIOD HISTORY (JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES) (TABRIZ)
Year:2019 | Volume:10 | Issue:19 |Papers Count:6

At the beginning of the Shi'bani era (1007-906 AD), Khorasan experienced a new era of tension and insecurity. The 100-year-old conflict between Iran and Turan was the same traditional expansionism in history that was aggravated by the provocations of the Ottomans and Ulema of Turkestan in the religious sensibilities of 10th century. This article, in pursuit of this conflict in the era of Astarkhanids (1007 – 1167A. D), raises this question that how was the political behavior of Uzbeks toward Khorasan borderlands and by what it has been influenced? by studying the political conditions of Iran and Transoxania and examining the hypothesis affecting the Shi'bani era, namely, expansionism and religious sensitivities, we have established our hypothesis in this way, "Despite the change in the political authority of the governments and religious prejudices, the persistence of border aggressions and the capture of the Shiites, which continued until the military reaction of Iran, Apart from the last two factors, were for new reasons: social tradition and economic interests ".

After the disintegration of Talesh soil by the Russians during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, that remained the southern part of the Gilan province, were divided to the five districts which named Kargan Rud, Asalem, Talshedula, Shanderman and Masall, they were called “ Khamseh Tavalesh” and the leadership of its districts was transferred to five dynasties of local Khans. The ruler of Kargan Rud was Nusrat-ollah Khan(sardar amjad), during the constitutionalism period. The period of the Sardar Amjad`s leadership has been marked as one of the darkest periods in the history of the Talesh due to oppress the unprecedented of the people. Under such condition, in spite of the peasants of Talesh had the background of the rebellion and the oppressive morals and part of the community were not immune from the ruler of khan, they were susceptible and disposed opportunities for rebelling and rioting. The occurrence of social revolutions on the eve of the twentieth century was the culmination of the Russian Social-Democracy Movement in the Neighborhood of Gilan and Tavalesh, and its join with the centers of liberalism in Gilan and the beginning of the anti-authoritarian uprisings in Iran, which was gradually called the constitutionalism revolution, the people of Talesh also stand up and their struggles against the Khan`s oppression and his local supporters and Russian have made join with constitutionalism.

Moezzi as a court poet has roughly composed 80 praise poems about Melikshah and produced a remarkable work on the political, social and cultural state of affairs of Saljukid’ s period. Saljukid’ s kings to reproduce legitimacy is what draws the attention of every researcher in this literary work. This research project, while enjoying discourse analysis theoretical framework, has employed descriptive and content analysis method to discuss what poets have composed on the specific legitimacy of Melikshah’ s sovereignty vis _ a _ vis other sovereign claimants on one hand and his general legitimacy as a Muslim ruler on the other. The poet, enumerates privileges such as efficiency, military competence, being father’ s successor, and on his mother part related to Karahanid’ s king family against other throne claimants in particular, and being selected by God, being shadow of God, and enjoying prophet’ s approval, being righteous, and enjoying caliphate's approval in general as elements of legitimacy of Melikshah’ s sovereignty.

The AH 9th/AD 15th century were in general a period of prosperity for the city and province of Yazd. The local histories, written at this time, are in themselves a product of this prosperity as well as demonstrates evidence of the abundance of wealth and developed economics. The mainstay of the city's economy was the production and trade of textiles. Yazd, which due to geographical circumstances could not rely on agricultural economy took advantage of being on the thriving business lines of that era. In addition to its docking position, the city has been able to provide flourish and dynamic economic by producing desirable textiles especially silk and supplying them in domestic and international markets. Political disturbances which brought up in the end of Shohrokh’ s reign, struggles and internecine wars between pretenders after the death of Shahrokh, tax extortions and natural disasters replaced it with a recession for a while. The investigation set out to study of the status of Yazd city in the trade of Silk textiles of the Timurid period economy by using descriptive analytical method.

What is studied in this article as the religion stance in elementary and secondary schools of First Pahlavi Period includes topics related to divine and non-divine regions’ stance in different textbooks such as history, civic science, literature, and theology. Considering that the governance in this period has tried to renovate the educational system based on west nationalism ideology and secularism, therefore the regime cultural system in treating religious topics especially Islam religion in textbooks has tried to impose limitations in this ground. It is noteworthy that the first Pahlavi educational system has had a different perspective about religions including Zoroastrianism considering the special look of the Ancient Persia to other religions. However, the author in this article has tried to study the intended topics based on some elementary and secondary school textbooks of First Pahlavi period. Given that the article topic is the religions stance in some textbooks of First Pahlavi period, therefore it is tried to study the Iranian and non-Iranian religions’ stance and other countries’ religion stance in the pre-Islamic and Islamic period. Of course the article main criterion is related to demonstrating the Islam religion stance in textbooks based on above-mentioned theoretical foundations.

The object of this paper is to study the conflict between agrarian-subsistence economy and agrarian-commercial economy during the period of 1304-1320/1925-1941. It is an interesting historical enigma that although a modern state was being formed in Iran during this period, nevertheless the old landholding system survived and the economic relations which corresponded to this system, continued to dominate the peasant economy. One would expect that changes were bound to occur as capitalism was growing in society and the commercial economy was making headway in the economy as a whole. Yet, not only the government and the landlords refrained from changing the old system of farming, but peasants, too, showed lack of interest in abandoning their traditional mode of production. Therefore, the question can be asked that why did Iranian peasants confronted the government's efforts to promote commercial agrarian economy during the Reza Shah’ s era? It can be argued that peasants were more interested in upholding their subsistence economy. Their goal was not to maximize their own income, but to save their family at the existence level. Unfavorable weather conditions, crop diseases, unfamiliarity with market relations and international politics were new domains which led the landowners as well as the farmers to distrust the commercial farming. Instead, they continued to cultivate their land according to the previous method of subsistence farming. Thus, the influence of capital and the prevalence of capitalist agricultural economy, did not bring about any substantial changes in the agrarian relations or the social status of the peasantry. They did not abandon the economic rules that had been kept over many centuries in Iran's agricultural system. Methods of production were reflected in the traditional social system. Consequently< the socio – economic relations between landowners and peasants were strengthened and this led to the integrity of the village system.