Payesh
Year:2017 | Volume:16 | Issue:5|Papers Count:11

Objective(s): This study was concerned with understanding the impacts of macroeconomic factors on the life expectancy in 136 countries for the period 2002–2010.Methods: The determinants of life expectancy can be classified into economic social, and environmental factors. In this respect, the panel data method is employed to compute the relationship between life expectancy and selected economic, social and environmental factors. There exists no previous study that estimates empirically the determinants of life expectancy in these countries on the basis of panel data framework.Results: Empirical results suggested that unemployment and inflation as the main macroeconomic factors that affect life expectancy negatively whereas, the effects of gross national income and gross capital formation factors on life expectancy were positive. Also, the urbanity seems to be the main social cause for mortality.Conclusion: The effects of economic factors as well as social and environmental factors on life expectancy are important.Therefore, these factors should be considered in health plans for improving longevity.

Objective(s): In many medical and epidemiological studies, each person can experience several events one after the other sequentially under some circumstances, known as recurrence events. Broad analytical objectives of recurrent events consist of describing event process in an individual, dispersion of events from one person to another, and determination of relations between constant or time-dependent predictors with event time. So the main purpose of this article is to present and interpret advanced statistical models to analyze such events which have been proposed in recent years.Methods: In this article, variance-corrected models including AG, conditional PWP (PWP-TT and PWP-GT) and marginal WLW models for analyzing recurrent events are presented and compared with each other.Results: When the number of events for each individual are small and the risk of a reoccurrence of an event varies between different events, usually conditional PWP models are used, while marginal WLW and the time-dependent AG models are applied to determine frequency of events.Conclusion: Medical and epidemiology studies should consider various factors such as the number of events, relationship between events, the variability of the effect of factors from one event to another, the biological process, and the correlation structure of data to select the valid recurrent models.

Objective(s): There is a relationship between health and religion and spirituality. Thus in designing a health model for Iranian women (Farmehr) this relationship was considered. The Farmehr model is a comprehensive conceptual model aiming to represent all factors affecting Iranian women's health and their interactions. This paper deals with stating religion and spiritual factors and their position in the Farmehr model.Methods: This was a qualitative study. In all 23 experts were interviewed. Content analysis was performed to explore the data. The data further were examined and modified through deep interviews and focused group discussions with experts and policy makers.Results: The findings revealed that the relationship exist between health and "attitudes and believes", "values", "morality", and “religious and spiritual capital and resources in society”. Also it was found that they affect the health of whole society and thus were considered as the fundamental axis in the Farmehr model. Other factors that affected by the religion and spirituality were religious and spiritual behaviors and family background that were recognized respectively in the layer of life style and family relationships in individual level of the model. The spiritual factors have been indicated in some other health models such as social determinants of health model as social, cultural, and spiritual values, forces, or assumptions.Conclusion: The Farmehr women’s health model suggest that the set of indicated factors have a significant impact on understanding and interpretation of individuals about their own health and that of the others, their health behaviors and other behaviors that affect the health of family and society and even on thinking behind making policy and planning in public and health system.

Objective(s): Burnout syndrome in workplace as a result of stress full job conditions such as nursing is evident and can be a serious threat to health of nurses and decrease the quality of healthcare. The aim of this study was to assess burnout among nurses in selected hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.Methods: This was a cross sectional study. Two hindered and twenty eight nurses were selected from a children's hospital, a general hospital, a psychiatric hospital and a dermatology hospital. All hospitals were selected randomly. Data collected by a questionnaire.Results: The results showed that the mean burnout score among nurses in hospitals was 1.99. The mean score for emotional exhaustion was 2.26, for depersonalization was 1.44, and for personal accomplishment was 2.02. The study findings indicated that more educated nurses (p=0.004), less experienced nurses (p=0.04), unofficial and contractual employment (p=0.004) and working in psychiatric hospital (p=0.012) increased the risk of burnout syndrome in nurses.Conclusion: The burnout among nurses was not high, but the need for more attention to those who were at greater risk seems necessary.

Objective(s): Mammography is the most effective way for early detection of malignant breast masses. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a context-based measurement tool for assessing determinants of doing mammography through inductive approach.Methods: The present study was a sequential exploratory study. In the first phase the determinants of doing mammography were explored using the content analysis approach. The data were collected via 21 semi-structured interviews by 15 participants in Urmia, Iran. In the second phase the statements were formed based on the meaning units, which extracted from qualitative section. The validity of the instruments was assessed using face, content and constructs validity assessment methods. For evaluation of face validity, qualitative and quantitative (item impact score) methods were used. The content validity was assessed by 10 experts. The construct validity was calculated by exploratory factor analysis. The sample size was calculated by multiplying the number of items by five. Internal consistency, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to assess the reliability of the instruments.Results: An instrument had 7 components and 34 statements. The components of the instrument included: beliefs, access, knowledge, action cues, emotions, self-care and life priorities. Seven components explained 57.28% of variance. The instrument was found to have high internal consistency (Cronbach’s a=0.78) and adequate test-retest reliability (ICC=0.91).Conclusion: The present instrument is a comprehensive measure related to determinants of doing mammography. It could help to determine factors influencing mammography and conduct interventions to improve women’s behavior for doing g mammography.

Objective(s): Health literacy impacts health behaviors, improving the access to healthcare and increasing the control of individual health. The purpose of this Study was to examine the relationship between health literacy and female cancers preventive behaviors a. in women attending to health centers of Shahid Beheshti university of Medical Sciences.Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study and conducted on 500 women who referred to family health units affilitated to Shahid Beheshetic University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The Test of Functional Health literacy in Adults was used to measure health literacy. Binary logistic regression was applied to verify the chance of female common cancers preventive behaviors.Results: 48.6% of participants had low health literacy level, 24.4% had marginal level and only 27% had adequate health literacy level. Health literacy was significantly by education (r=0.367), age (r=0.195), income (r=0.302), and employment.Binary logistic regression analysis showed that adequate health literacy increased the chance of doing breast examination and pap smear test (OR=1.83 and OR=1.79), respectively.Conclusion: The findings showed that health literacy was low among women and limited health literacy prevented women from performing cancer preventive behaviors.

Objective(s): mothers are usually the girls’ first teachers. Thus educating mothers can be a major contribution to the prevention of reproductive health complications in future generations. The present study investigated the effect of educating mothers on the girls' knowledge level of reproductive health.Methods: The present interventional study was conducted on 120 Iranian girls studying in secondary schools and their mothers. Sampling was performed through two-step cluster sampling method.Before the intervention, mothers’ and girls' knowledge of reproductive health was measured by using a questionnaire prepared based on the World Health Organization’s questionnaire. The mothers of the intervention group participated in 4 sessions for 4 weeks and received the necessary information about reproductive health. After three-months period, the questionnaires were once more completed by all the girls in both intervention and control groups.Results: Mothers were the main source of information for the girls in both the intervention (61.7%) and the control group (55%). There was a significant difference between mean scores of the girls' knowledge before (11.63±4.37) and 3 months after their mother’s education (30.60±1.49), but the change was not significant in control group.Conclusion: Educating mothers could significantly increase the girls' levels of knowledge of the primary fundamentals of reproductive health.

Objective(s): During recent years fertility rate is decreasing in Iran. This study aimed to assess reasons for fertility desire and disinterest among Iranian married adults.Methods: This was a population-based study. A sample of married individuals living in all 31 provinces in Iran enteed into the study and were asked whether they intend to have a child at present. Participants were interviewed via a structured questionnaire including items on socio-demographic and reproductive information. Participants were asked to indicate reasons for desire or disinterest for fertility. Participants were free to name several reasons as they wish. Descriptive analysis was used to explore the data.Results: In all 20935 individuals (10388 male and 10547 female) were interviewed. The mean age of participants was 36.28 (SD=8.23) years. Overall 31.8% of respondents indicated that they wish to have a child while the remaining 68.2 said that they did not. The most important reason for fertility desire was interest in having children (93.5%), followed by wish to experience parenthood (92.2%). The most important reason for disinterest for fertility was worryness about the future of a new child (76.1%) followed by economic problems (71.0%).Conclusion: The findings suggest that willingness to experience parenthood and economic hardship are the most common reasons for fertility desire or fertility disinterest respectively. Perhaps interventions aiming to focus on joyful parenhood experiences might be helpful to encourgare young couples for having children.

Objective(s): Looking at previous studies we find that many factors are involved in the success of spin-offs. This study focuses on one of these factors and to identify the environmental factors affecting the success of spin-offs in the field of Medical Sciences was performed.Methods: This was a qualitative study. Dat was collected via literature review and interview with selected experts from medical spin-off companies affilated to the Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR). The data was analyzed using the Atlas-t software.Results: In all 6 components and 46 concepts were identified for successful spin-offs. The 6 extracted factors included: market, supports of spin-offs, government, parent organization (ACECR), suitable business environment and geographical location.Conclusion: Several factors are needed for successful medical spin-off companies.