JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH RESEARCH
Year:2021 | Volume:10 | Issue:3|Papers Count:11

is associated with obesity and endocrine disruption isbiphenyl A, found especially in plastics and personal care products. Although these chemicals are rampant in the modern world, there are itemsthat are less exposed to them, including the use of glass and steel containers instead of plastic and the use of natural beauty products (2). . . .

Introduction: In the growing number of divorces in Iran, the present study aimed to investigate the prediction of divorce adjustment through an emotional adjustment emphasizing gender considerations. Methods: The present study was a correlation study, and data were collected through questionnaires, field study, and library. The statistical population was all divorced women and men in Tehran city in 2017, and the sampling method was purposeful. The sample included 112 divorced women and 134 divorced men with an age range of 20-40 years. For data collection, the Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale (FDAS) (1) and Emotional Adjustment Measure (EMA) (2) were used. Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression, and multivariate analysis of variance method were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between emotional adjustment and divorce adjustment (p<0. 01, r=. 29), and men have higher scores than women in these factors; also, emotional adjustment was a significant predictor of divorce adjustment (β =0. 720, p<0. 01). Conclusion: The results of this study reveal a series of post-divorce crises requiring management and restoration by divorced subjects. Although the challenges of life after divorce affect both sexes, women are faced with more harm in post-divorce time due to gender barriers. Therefore, programs to help increase emotional compatibility after divorce is recommended. Also, clarification of the divorce phenomenon is better to be considered from different aspects.

Introduction: Due to the important role of the mothers in the families, identifying their early maladaptive schema can help us identify the problems that lead to unhealthy life education and provide the necessary and appropriate training programs to improve them. This study uses group training to reform schema in improving mothers' individual and social mental health who consulted the social damage prevention center. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of reforming schema on a mothers' problems. Methods: In this study, the quasi-experimental method was used. The study population was all the mothers who had parenting problems in the last two years and have consulted the social damage prevention center. Nonrandom sampling was used for our statistical census. Therefore, 100 mothers at hand were selected nonrandomly, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was conducted on them as a pre-test. Then, 24 mothers who obtained the lowest scores were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control, in each of which there were 12 participants. The experimental group received training in 10 sections for 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training. Afterward, a post-test was conducted for each group, and the results of the two groups were compared. Results: A covariance analysis test was used to test the hyper hypotheses. The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the individual's mental health and social mental health variables (p < 0. 001). Thus, hypotheses 1 and 2 were approved in our study. In other words, the comparison of the average in two variables after the post-test of experimental and control groups showed that mothers trained according to reforming schem, had better social and mental health. With approximately 90%, it can be said that the training based on reforming schema effectively increases the social and individual health of the mothers challenging with parenting problems.

Introduction: Substance abuse is one of the major factors leading to divorce in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to present a qualitative model of factors affecting women to stay married with substance-dependent husbands. Methods: The grounded theory in the qualitative paradigm was used. Twenty participants (10 women and 10 experts) were interviewed based on theoretical saturation, purposeful, and snowball sampling, and semi-structured in-depth interviews. The interviews were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results: The participants’ mean age for women was (M=35. 2, SD=7. 40, n=10) and for experts was (M= 37. 3, SD= 7. 42, n=10), half of whom were men and half were women for experts. The results indicated that causal conditions consisted of the child as a barrier to leaving the marital relationship; feeling satisfied with the marital relationship; the attitudes, expectations, and feelings of the spouses; promising behaviors of the husband; financial dependency on the husband, and level of substance-related disorder. The intervening condition was the family of origin’ s role. The women's survival strategies in marital life include the use of supportive resources, increasing awareness, and the use of constructive behaviors. The contextual conditions were social and legal factors. Consequences of the core category (A journey with fear and hope), were desirable and undesirable emotions and experiences. Conclusion: The results indicated that spouses of substance-dependent husbands stay in the marriage, not just due to obstacles like familial, social, legal, and financial factors, but also due to resourceful supports, marital satisfaction, and enjoy having a family with husband and children.

Introduction: Hypochondriasis is a psychological disorder that affects divorced women's quality of life and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on hypochondria and cognitive emotion regulation among divorced Women in Tehran. Methods: The method was experimental with a pre-test, post-test design, and a control group. In the present study, the research population includes divorced women who have been affected by divorce-related psychological problems and were referred to Tehran consultation centers in 2018. In this study, The sample consisted of 30 divorced women selected by purposive sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n= 15 each). The research tools included the Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The ACT intervention was performed on the experimental group for ten 90-minute sessions. Pearson's correlation coefficient, Levene's test, Shapiro-Wilk test, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were used to analyze the data. The significance level of the study was considered to be α =0. 05. Results: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of hypochondria post-test scores in the experimental and control groups were 35. 13± 1. 92 and 37. 33± 3. 07, respectively. The results indicated that ACT decreased hypochondria in the women (P=0. 04). Also, the intervention effectively increased positive emotion regulation in the women (P=0. 01). Conclusion: In addition to decreasing anxiety and increasing emotion regulation ability under difficult situations, ACT can increase social and psychological adaptability. Also, ACT can effectively decrease interactive and stress and anxiety in divorced women.

Introduction: As self-differentiation is a process that reflects one’ s independence in the emotional and rational dimension, in which one learns to make independent decisions and to have a rational love, affection, and intimacy. This research aimed to study the effectiveness of self-differentiation training based on Bowen’ s approach on positive feelings toward spouse in Married women in Isfahan. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design conducted on the control group. The statistical population consisted of counseling applicant women in the city of Isfahan in 2019. Sampling was voluntary. The announcement was installed at counseling centers, and 30 women were randomly placed into control and experiment groups. All participants filled out demographic and Positive Feeling (PFQ) questionnaires. Then, participants of the experiment group were trained in Bowen’ s selfdifferentiation in eight sessions. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive (Mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistical methods (analysis of covariance) at the error level of 0. 05 and SPSS-24 software. Results: The results indicated that teaching Bowen’ s self-differentiation significantly affected women’ s positive feelings towards the spouse (p<0. 05), which means that the differentiation training increases the positive feeling towards the spouse. Conclusion: According to the results, teaching Bowen’ s self-differentiation can increase positive feelings towards spouses in women. Therefore, this technique can be considered a marital problem.

Introduction Injuries sustained during Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) amounts to a serious public health crisis. The aim of the study was to determine the body parts most likely affected in an RTA in patients brought to Accident and Emergency (A&E) department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), the largest tertiary care hospital of Karachi. Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in January-March 2019 among 371 respondents aged 15-65 years. Study participants were recruited through non-probability convenience sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic variables and type, severity and nature of injury. Chi Square test was used to determine the significant difference between using safety precautions with body parts affected. All analysis was performed on SPSS version 20. Results Out of 371 study participants, 64. 4% (n=239) were between 15-35 years with 91. 9% (n=338) males. In 77. 1% (n=286) cases, emergency medical services responded in less than one hour and first aid was provided by doctor to 95. 7% (n=355) at hospital. In 82. 5% (n=306) cases, private vehicles were involved, with 46. 1% (n=171) motorcycles. In 79. 8% (n=296) cases, bone injury was prevalent, with 57. 1% (n=212) leg injuries, which was the most frequently affected body part. Majority, 56. 2% of the study participants who did not wear seat belts had chest area affected (p=0. 006). Conclusion It is concluded that males of 15-35 years who were motorcyclists were more prone to RTAs with lower limbs more frequently being affected. Safety precautions like wearing seatbelts provide protection against RTAs.

Introduction: Recent studies have shown a high prevalence of body image dissatisfaction in women. This study purposed to examine the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and new anthropometric indices in women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among 384 women referred to the nutrition clinic in Ardabil city in 2019, using convenience sampling method. Data were collected through multidimensional body self-relations questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. This questionnaire is an attitudinal assessment of body image, using a 5-point disagrees– agree Likert scale to collect responses. Data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 21). The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relation between body image dissatisfaction and anthropometric indices. The significance level was less than 0. 05. Results: The mean age and body mass index (BMI) of the women under study were 30. 01± 7. 20 years and 30. 21± 5. 17kg/m2, respectively. Correlation analysis presented that a significant positive relationship was between all anthropometric indices and the subjective weight and overweight preoccupation subscales. The highest relationship of subjective weight subscale was found with BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (r=0. 85, p<0. 001) followed by abdominal volume index (AVI) (r=0. 82, p<0. 001). The highest relationship of the overweight preoccupation subscale was obtained with waist circumference (r=0. 44, p<0. 001) followed by AVI and weight (r=0. 42, p<0. 001) and WHtR (r=0. 41, p<0. 001). Conclusion: Body image dissatisfaction was associated with anthropometric indices. The findings indicated the need for interventions designed to improve anthropometric indices and, consequently, body image dissatisfaction.

Objective: Falls are the main cause of injuries and death among the elderly and lead to using medical services. This study aimed to assess the effect of falls on medical costs among elderly inpatients. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was done in a public hospital (heart center) in Qazvin, Iran. In this study, 79 medical records of the elderly who had experienced in-hospital falls and 79 medical records in control group with similar characteristics who had not experienced in-hospital falls during 2016-2019. The data, including the elderly age, sex, fall characteristics, and all hospital costs related to falls were gathered from hospital accident forms, medical records, nursing reports, and official data banks. The overall costs of services provided for fallen elderly were compared with the control group. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 22, using Chi-square and paired sample t-test. P<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Total cost of all services provided for the elderly during their hospitalization was 106. 596$ (base year: 2019, $1=42500 IRR), of this amount 8. 600$ (8. 06%) was related to the services due to in-hospital falls. The highest costs were related to treatment services (40%), diagnostic services (33%), visits (21%) and consultation (6%). The difference between the case and control groups was 7. 310$. The elderly falls significantly increased medical costs by 8. 06% (P≤ 0. 01). Conclusions: Even falls that do not lead to serious injuries waste medical services and increase hospital costs by making changes in treatment methods and increasing the length of hospital stay.

Introduction: Health promotion is the highest level of human sensitivity directed to break down differences and produce equal opportunities for unselected people to enjoy the best health care potential. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of the assistance provided to immigrants by Italian general practitioners (GPs), the level of satisfaction declared by migrants, and the perception of GPs about the needs of migrants. Methods: A survey was conducted. Both immigrant patients (regular and illegal) and some Italian GPs filled a questionnaire. Ten GPs were selected among those available to perform the study by a convenience sampling method; the immigrants were consecutively included among those attending the medical offices. Results: Over 90% (n = 66) of immigrants declared to be fully satisfied with the overall assistance provided with easy access to care. GPs declared no problems in assisting even illegal immigrants and suggested the accurate evaluation of patients’ needs to provide successful care. Conclusions: These findings indicate the importance of promoting health and education as provided by Italian GPs. The satisfaction declared by the interviewed immigrants is mainly attributable to the model of assistance provided in Apulia, which includes interventions for any health problem.

Introduction: So far, the so many people has been infected by novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in the worldwide and almost all the countries have reported infected and death cases. Some studies have shown that coronaviruses are sensitive to air temperature and in warm temperature the rate of spread decreases. This study aimed to review the literature whether or not the temperature can affect the spread rate of COVID-19. Methods: In this study, three main scientific electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and also Scholar Google were searched on April 14, 2020 to find relevant studies on COVID-19 and its spread in different ambient temperature. Results: Totally 588 articles were found for screening and 27 articles were selected for data extraction. The result of some of these studies showed that weather variations can affect transmission of coronavirus. Low temperature and low humidity may be essential factors for survival of coronaviruses. A temperature of 4° C is ideal for the life of this virus and it may be sensitive to 70° C temperature. The increase in temperature of stainless steel, wood, fabrics, and metal can eliminate and remove coronaviruses according to the findings of some of these reviewed articles. Conclusion: This review study failed to precisely report the effect of temperature or humidity to stop the virus from spreading and transmitting. It is required to conduct more studies in this regard to introduce the exact pattern of transmission by examining the conditions of virus transmission in different climatic conditions.