URBAN STUDIES
Year:2017 | Volume:7 | Issue:24 |Papers Count:7

The extension of slumms in the last century is one of the most important problems in the world, especially in developing countries and it has brought about numerous political, social, economic and security consequences. Slum-dwellers have inappropriate socio-economic status and rarely can be assimilated to the modern urban structures. This study aimed to investigate the effects of slum-dwelling on social deviations of residents of Naysar slum ofthe city of Sanandaj in the western parts of Iran. The study was non-experimental and was conducted using the survey method. The data were collected using a questionnaire that had good validity and reliability. The results showed that religiosity and cultural values were significantly and negatively relatet (-0.35) to social deviance. Socio-economic status and power structure in family had significant positive impacts on social deviance with coefficients of (0.15) and (0.30).

Excessive and irregular growth of population in urban areas, especially in metropolitan areas, has caused increase of high-rise buildings and also has brought about many problems such as social anomalies, reduction of security, etc. This paper studies the relations between high-rising buildings and the kind and amount of urban crimes. In this paper, in addition to evaluating the relationship between two main variables, other factors that can affect urban crimes are also examined. The research population consisted of the residents of regions 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14 in north and south of Isfahan. The findings showed that the linear relationship between high rising buildings and urban crimes is low. In general the increase of high-rise building caused 6.5% increase of urban crimes. On the other hand, with the score of 0.92, there is a very strong nonlinear relationship between two mentioned variables. Among four groups of urban crime, Pearson coefficient for crimes against properties and ownership is 0.47 and Spearman coefficient is 0.6, which is the strongest relationship of variables considered. This indicates that the probability of committing a crime in high rise building areas like region 6, increases, perhaps because of the relatively good economic situation of the residents. Considering the effects of intervening variables, the results showed that better employment conditions, durability and age of buildings decreases urban crimes.

The present article aimed to specify the attitude toward women’s citizenship rights on the bases of the respondents’ social and cultural capitals in the city of Tehran. The method of research was analytical survey and the research population consisted of all Tehrani females over the age of 18 in 2016 of whom, on the basis of Cochran formula, 384 who were selected using a random classified sampling technique. Researchers` self-made questionnaire, the social capital theoretical framework was constructed based on Bourdieu’s theory with objective (social participation, commitment, and interaction) and subjective (social awareness, trust, and solidarity) dimensions which states a dialectical relationship between subjectivity (habitus) and objectivity (field). Also, cultural capital consisted of embodied, objectified and institutionalized forms. Zoanevski’s citizenship rights model was used in political, collaborative- civilian, and social dimensions. The obtained results of multiple regression and path analysis revealed that all of social capital indicators can predict 17 percent of female’s attitude toward citizenship rights in which social trust and social interactions played the main role. Also, social capital indexes can explain 27 percent of female’s citizenship rights in which embodied capital was the most important.

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All over the world, the market is a key concept which influences both everyday life events and political discourses. The market is considered to be a very complex social and economic phenomenon which can also be studied sociologically. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the sociology of the market and the impact of social, cultural and economic changes on business functions in the recent three decades of 1360 – 1380 in Qaesarea bazzar in Isfahan. The research population consisted of the businessmen of Qaesarea bazzar in Isfahan and the other markets connected to it. 384 individuals were selected as the sample. The data were collected using questionnaires, historical documents and interviews. The results indicated that social changes have had a positive effect on cultural functions (Z=21.924) and on political functions (Z=81.026). Also, Cultural changes have a positive effect on economic functions (Z=2.149) and on social functions (Z=31.832), and on cultural functions (Z=12.792). Economic changes have a positive impact on economic functions (Z=68.07) and on social functions (Z=6.058).

Social well-being refers to how a person assesses his/her functions in society. According to Keyes, one possesses social well-being if he/she sees the society as a meaningful, understandable and potentially useful medium for growth and feels a sense of belonging to society and is also accepted in and is involved in the progress and development of the society. Social well-being is a kind of mental, physical and individual well-being that can potentially make residents to be highly motivated and happy which can, in turn make the society to be safe. The present paper aimed to investigate the functions of social well-being in the city of Esfahan which is located in central parts of Iran. The theoretical framework of the paper was based on the views of Keyes, Durkheim, Fromm, and Freud. Research population consisted of all educated Esfahani residents who were 15-64 years old, of which 385 individuals were selected as the sample through a clustering method. Needed data were collected using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Spss and Amos softwares. The results showed that relationship between social well-being, as the independent variable, and psychological well-being, social normality and social responsibility, as dependent variables, were significant. The relationship between social normality and social responsibility also was significant.

The following research aims to answer the question that how the Iranian narrative literature author has defined the elements and characters in illustrating the transformations of urban-social environment. In other words, considering the definitions of significant and crucial concepts in Herbert Blumer’s naturalistic research procedure, it is a matter of question that whether the environments reflected in narrative literature of contemporary Iran come from a dialectical process between the real elements of the society and the author's mind or from the fixed and frozen definitions that exist in political and social negotiations which is dominant in public and intellectual environment of the society. The population of interest is the anthology of short stories and written novels in contemporary Iranian literature (that is, the years between 1911 to 1979). The sample size contains 3 authors and 8 literary works that have been chosen based on the ideas of 27 experts utilizing Delphi Method. The procedure utilized in the following research is "dialectic objectivism". By applying the ideas of Georg Simmel, Henry Lefebvre and Lucien Goldman, an analytical-dialectical frame was achieved that was consistent with George Gurvitch’s fifth kind of dialectic named "dialectic of the prospects or the contrast of the manifests" (Mutual implication). On that basis it is possible to achieve a mutual relationship between that element and other elements by assessing every element of the social system. Applying the mentioned analytical frame, it would be possible to put the data obtained from the research and also communicational data of the elements beside each other and create a social information system (SIS). Through SIS, overall analysis of the society could be achieved. It was found that none of the chosen authors could be merely called dialectical or vice versa, since each one of their works could have a different structure depending on their social position and the time of writing the work and on the author's social and individual conditions and the type and length of the story.