PERSIAN LITERATURE (FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES)
Year:2012 | Volume:2 | Issue:1 (9)|Papers Count:7

Immortality and gaining eternal life are the man’s oldest desires. He extends these intra-desires on his champions of myths. Champions of several myths and legends, experiment the eternal life differently, whiles death is the destiny of all. So, many believe that champions will be renewed after their symbolic death. Yung looks on all champions’ lives as sun and assesses champions’ eternal returns as the man’s request to access his initial comfort. This research analyzes the archetypal lives of three Iranian mythological champions, experimenting death and renovation in three different ways, fulfilling the human’s old desires.

A rhetoric method being used to show the purpose of a statement is assimilation of allegory; an assimilation whose resemblance is not out of an apparent and manifested affair and needs being paraphrased. Holy Quran and Nahj al-Balaghah which consist of the most rhetoric expressions, from critics’ point of view, use this method of illustration to describe the things that are beyond men’s understanding. This research wants to allege and demonstrate some of these descriptive illustrations to show a whit of the beauties and rhetoric of these two valuable sources. Through analysis and comparison of different subjects and symbols used in assimilations of allegories in these two works, tables, charts and proper results will be offered.

Introducing Ahmed Khidroya, a Sufi from Balkh in the 3rd century (AH.), is the aim of present essay. So the author provides information about his name and family, hometown, date of death, works and companions, using old sources in historical analysis method.

Adaptation has a long history in Islamic culture. Transcribing and recording Holy Quran and hadith (tradition) has strictly been under severe rules and regulations, while little attention was paid to fidelity in translating and quoting other works. This infidelity sometimes went to excess so that it could be properly considered as plagiarism. Such instances cannot be neglected because of their excessiveness, although infidelity in quoting cannot be always considered as plagiarism. A definite example is Shamayel al-Atghiya by Rukn al-Din, the actuary of Kashan-a mystic of Chashtiyyah sect in late 7th to early 8th (Hegira century) 13th to 14th AD - who makes such modifications and alterations in sources that shows the absence of trusteeship in his method, giving book-titles of the quoted materials and their authors’ names,. Using some contemplative examples of adaptation and plagiarism, this article attempts to survey their relations in oral tradition and ideological principles as well as modern attitudes towards them. The article also underlines the significance of Shamayel al-Atghiya as the first work after 200 years dealing appreciatively with teachings and works of ‘Ayn al-Quzat of Hamadan, adducing his opinions.

One of Eco-critical subjects that explore the relation between literature and environment is the man’s specific view to nature, affected by different factors such as sex, time, culture and thought. Persian poems have manifested the variety of man’s relation to nature in the course of literary history. Five general views on nature have been introduced through the study of Persian descriptive poems, in this article, to explore the effects of time and the poets’ specific outlooks in their relations to nature and their descriptive manners. On a more general view, it can be found that some parts of nature description in their poetry is not a description of a severe natural environment, and just few examples can be found giving objective descriptions of nature. At last, the necessity of an Eco-critical approach to nature appropriate to the needs of civilized modem world is going to be discussed. Through such view, we witness some changes in nature description in which all natural phenomenon are beautiful and valuable, apart from man’s choice. This approach can positively affect man’s relation to his environment.

Sadegh Hedayat, as a pioneer writer of Iranian contemporary novel, has always used psychological motifs in his works. His “Boof-e Koor” [The Blind Owl], out of his other works, is much more influenced by psychological motifs and can be regarded as a psychological novel. What seems important being analyzed in this story is the approach of narrator and his contradictions toward Sadegh Hedayat, himself.The narrator, as the story’s main axis, is the one whose mind structure should be carefully recognized to judge about his manner of narration. Since the narrator’s mind has many contradictions and incompatibilities, his character structure seems being constructed out of various taboos orienting his mind.In this study we try to psychoanalyze the narrator’s character, his spiritual taboos and the reasons of their formation to understand why the narrator’s character has been formed in this way. Woman seems being the most principle social and psychological taboo of the story. The narrator’s special psychological structure in various stages of his mental development reflects three female characters throughout the story.

“Synopsis and explainer” methodological discussion has been reflexed, in literary domain, as stipulation and constraint; but synopsis explanation seems being different to what happens in Methodology because sometimes the meanings of lexical items and combinations are given on individual, probabilistic, and untrustworthy interpretations. Present paper, applying few lines of Nasser Khosrow’s second ode, introduces an explanatory method for correction of manuscripts of classical Persian literature. Initially and based on the method, the meaning of each line is clarified through semantic and textual analysis, and then the differences exist between several manuscripts are resolved.