ARABIC LITERATURE (FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES)
Year:2018 | Volume:9 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:12

aL-e Mikal, the leading aristocratic family of western Khorasan from the 3rd/9th to the 5th/11th century; descended from the pre-Islamic nobility of the Samarkand region, it played an important political role. With the establishment of The Abbasid Caliphate, The Mikalis family returned to the political and social arenas of the society and took power again. They were always the governor of Naisapbur which was the most important city of Khorasan at that time. The ability of members of the Mikali family to serve rulers of very different political and religious characters testifies to their elite status and exceptional talent. As they were so interested in Arabic culture and Language, they made good connections with the related scholars. Abu al-Faḍl Ubayd Allah ibn Ahmad al-Mikali, poet and prose stylist (436/1044-5), was one of the greatest individuals in this dynasty whose reputation was spread to the west parts of the Islamic territories and whose poems and Arabic books were studied and referred to by many famous people. This paper tries to examine and describe his scientific character, and also to introduce his books and to analyze the contents of them.

Nadhm Theory is one of most important theories in Arabic Rhetoric. This may be due to the extension of the theory and its application and its focus on different aspects of grammatical, semantic and aesthetic knew. This theory Despite the priority when the views expressed in contemporary linguistic theories, associated with many of these. And slightly hesitant, we can find many points of similarites between these theory and ideas raised in the contemporary period. One of these theoreis is Situational Context theory which was proposed by Firth. This paper in a comparative descriptive approach, tries to investigate both the theoreis and study of their similarityes to obtain the strengths and weaknesses aspects of each theory to complete each theory other, and be useful for researchers in the rhetorical and literary studies. The research results are to be achieved: efforts both theory in the context of situation, the similarity between the context in Jorjani theory and meaning in Firth theory, inclusion of Situational Context theory and its supremacy compared with Nadhm theory, similarity between the Situational Context theory and context in Arabic Rhetoric.

kashi’s Manuscript “sharh al-Mufassal” remained from the seventh and eighth centuries (A.H), and the author explained zamakhshari’s “al-Mufassal” with a mental prose and scientific manner and exact form. This manuscript is full of quotations and remarks that said by scholars of grammarians, but the author not sufficed to mention the views of scholars and in many cases he opined on deductive and auricular arguments. This Iranian author who was fluent in Arabic, used many auricular sources such as the Quran, the hadith, the poetry and the proverb. This indicates his high academic situation. He agrees with Zamakhshari in most cases and in the proof of Zamakhshari's views, he has used a clear way and far from complexity and logical terms. But in some cases he disagrees with Zamakhshari, He disagrees with his comments with modest and courteous comments. By reviewing his opinions can be found he was a follower of the school of Basra. This paper is based on descrips, analyzes and introduces introduce this manuscript and its author, review his writing style, his grammar trend and the arguments that he used.

Grammatical texts like any other text need to scientific methods for get the concepts and meanings found in text phrases and sentences. Words, phrases and compounds, methods, structures, assumptions and thought of the author as well as basic principles are the key elements of the discovery of meaning in grammatical texts. Al-Kitab is the first consistence book on Arabic syntax, and is by no means an exception to these linguistic and extralinguistic principles. The present research is analytic descriptive using methodological terminology to study a few keywords of al-Kitab frequently used in the structure of the book. Principles such as synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, the lexical and customary truth are applied to these keywords. The authors’ attempts were mainly concerned with the comparative discussion of some parts of the book to show the direct impact of words on text and to remind readers about the misunderstanding the keywords.

The contrastive analysis of languages is one the most important for recognizing the coherent templates to train vocabularies, grammar, semantics and pragmatics in different levels. In this regard, the present study investigates the contrastive analysis of Persian and Arabic based on sentence. The authors try to study syntax (sentence) of Persian and Arabic from the views of semantics by descriptive-analytical and contrastive approach. For realizing to syntactical contrastive, a criterion common to both Persian and Arabic was presented studying syntactical issues in three areas including phrases, clauses and sentences. The mentioned criterion is based on semantic. In this way, the changes that were made for transferring the meaning between the two languages were explained to help translators and language learners.

The letter of attribution (ya), the most widely used and the most common suffix, is one of the simplest tools for building adjectives in both Arabic and Persian, from its connection to the ends of different names, different adjectives with diverse meanings are created. This article is going to imply to some of its different meaning in Persian and Arabic and show some similarities and dissimilarities in this field. From the most important results of this paper is that most of the meanings and functions resulting from attachment of relational (ya) to the basic word like: belonging to a region or nationality, race, dependence on one thing, similarity in shape or color, specifying substance of one thing, craft vendor, religion and faith, subject or object meaning, ability and merit, possession and etc “in both Arabic and Persian are similar, but in functions like” infected to one thing, addiction to a substance, matching with one thing, the site of buying and selling and etc are dissimilar. Generally, the similarities of this suffix and its function in both languages is more than its dissimilarities.

The conditional sentence is the sentence that the conditional device comes first and its occurrence becomes conditional. In this research A critical study of structure of conditional sentence in Arabic grammars, the standpoints of the outstanding contemporaneous grammarians about different features of ‘conditional sentence’ have been comparative together at each of the issues and their differences and commonalities have been pointed. Afterwards, different votes have been criticized with respect to linguistic Criterions, so that their advantages and disadvantages have been determined. The present research has demonstrated some votes are acceptable and some votes are not acceptable.

It is generally supposed that the connection between Persian and Arabic languages is limited to a number of arabicized words. However, some historical evidence indicates that this connection is far more deep-rotted than arabicized words. The Persian suffix namely (Alef & Nun) is important evidence in connection with the effect and influence of Persian language on Arabic. One of the functions of the suffix (Alef & Nun) is attributiveness. A point worth considering is the presence of this attributive suffix in some Basra’s historical and geographical proper names. Yaquth amawi was the first scholar who noticed this point in his book, Mujam al BuldAn. After centuries, the contemporary Iraqi historian, Naji Maruf noticed this issue. He attributed a mistake to YAqUt’s view and considered the Persian contributive suffix as Arabic dual suffix. He never contented with Yaqut’s view but he went beyond that and considered Persian plural suffix (Alef & NUn) as Arabic dual suffix. He thought the Arabic dual suffix had entered in Persian language and finally got plural meaning. Historically and linguistically, Some objective evidence shows that the Naji Maruf’s remark about both Yaqut’s view and Persian plural suffix is incorrect.

Syllable as a unit of phonetics has different definitions. A simple definition defines syllable as a unit consisting of a few phonemes produced in a single exhale. Of course, definitions of syllable is of dispute among phonetician and its structure bears similarities and differences from one language to another. Record of interference and friction between Arabic and Persian and its consequences particularly in terms of phonetics and vocabulary signifies the need for analysis and comparison of syllables’ structure in the two mentioned languages. The article aims at compare the phonetic structure of phoneme, its similarities and differences in addition to the rules of syllable in both Arabic and Persian. The results signify that there are two types of phonemes used in Persian, where one is almost lost in Arabic and the other one is only used in special circumstances. The syllabic system of the two languages is also of considerable similarities and differences. This research is not only a comparative study but we hope that the findings of this comparison to be effective in determining the functional differences of the phonemes, including the identification of the phonological development of the words involved, as well as the differences in rhythm, meter, and poetic music between the two languages.

Sharhe Ibn-Aghil has long been considered among the most selected texts in syntax and didactic literature in Islamic schools and scientific circles. This research seeks to conduct a formal and majorly a content-based critique of the given volume as a textbook and evaluate its functionality and appropriateness in the modern educational system. As regards the content, the focus of the study would be on scientific originality, congruence with the scientific needs of the students, updated information, order of presentation, and logical sequencing of the material, etc. The method of the research was descriptive and analytical with a view to teaching Arabic for specific purposes to the students of Persian Language and Literature. Original and valuable books like Sharhe Ibn-Aghil generally undergo some changes in the process of movement from traditional educational systems into new methods as a consequence of which some of its dimensions may not have the previous efficiency in the new environment. This book also does not seem to have the previous efficacy for the students of Persian Language and Literature and its sub-disciplines for various reasons such as deviation from the theme of syntax as well as its poetic instruction.

Eloquence is one of the important aspects of the Holy Quran miracles and metaphor is considered as the most significant aesthetic effects of it. The translation of this literary technique is so difficult that some believe that it is impossible to translate it. However, some great translation scholars like Newmark think it is possible to do so and have offered special frameworks and methods for it. After giving a quick definition of metaphor and taking a look at some new important theories about its translation, this research investigated the translation of Quranic metaphor in Meybodi's ancient translation and Fooladvand's contemporary translation and concludes that these translators have used different methods to translate metaphor, so that the diversity is not just to create variety, but to reveal other facts,, Including the importance of the translator's time position and his adherence to the common principles at the time of that translation, because in the early centuries of Islam, the non-translatability of the Holy Quran was emphasized, so the translator had to reproduce a word for word translation to reduce this sensitivity. This limitation, however, was gradually removed.

Newmark, contemporary linguist theorist, is dividing cultural elements to five categories, and he proposed 17 methods for translating of this elements. He tries to give better solutions to translators. The authors at this paper try with analytical-description method specifying the role at the cultural elements with emphasis of framework Newmark theory. They express, with presentation the schemes of these elements translation and with presentation the samples of those in translations Arabic to Persian, the role of the “organisations, customs, activities, procedures, concepts element” for Iranian translators. Thus, it is found that the Iranian translators used which schemes for transferring this element in their translations, and to what extend success in translation this element and correct transferring to destination language. The results show that despite of the “organisations, customs, activities, procedures and concept elements” encounter with political, religious, historical and artistic phrases and interpretations, but Iranian translators could transfer well using with “cultural equivalent”. Nevertheless using less important methods like “couplet” and “notes, additions and glosses” schemes cause ambiguity and weakness in their translations.