RESEARCH ON ADDICTION
Year:2020 | Volume:14 | Issue:55|Papers Count:15

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-healing training on psychological capital, distress Tolerance, and headaches in addicts' spouses. Method: This study was a semi-experimental design with two group (experimental & control) and three stage (pre-test, post-test and follow up). The study population was women with addicted spouse (traditional and industrial drug abuse) that they were member of Addicts Families Association in Isfahan town in the first half of 2019. 30 subjects who were willing to participate in the study were selected using convenience sampling method based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned to experimental group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The sample of the study responded Luthans’ Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007), Simmons & Gaher’ s (2005) Distress Tolerance Scale, and Najarian’ s Headache Symptoms Questionnaire (1995). Self-healing training package of Latifi, Marvi & Loyd (2018) was given to the experimental group for twelve sessions (one 90-minute sessions weekly). Results: The results of the study indicated that self-healing training was effective on psychological capital, distress tolerance and headache among women with addicted spouse (p<0. 05) and these results were stable also over time. Conclusion: Therefore, self-healing method can be used as one of the latest approaches to improve mental and physical health of addict families in health centers.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of marital conflicts in the relationship between communication beliefs, emotional disorders, marital relations with marital satisfaction of addicted women with addicted spouses. Method: The research method was descriptive and correlational. For this purpose, 100 women with addicted spouses referring to addiction treatment clinics and drug addiction treatment camps and NGOs in Isfahan city in 2018 were selected using convenience sampling method. The participants responded to the questionnaires of Communication Beliefs, Emotional Disorders, Marital Relations and Marital Conflict. Results: The results showed the indirect effect of communication beliefs, emotional disorder and marital relations on marital satisfaction. Therefore, marital conflict mediates the relationship between communication beliefs, emotional disorders and marital relations with marital satisfaction. Conclusion: According to the results, addiction specialists can reduce emotional disorders and emphasize the increase of the relevant empowerment of communicative beliefs and marital relations to reduce marital conflict and subsequently increase marital satisfaction.

Objective: Several factors including personality and social factors are effective on drug use. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prediction model of students' addiction potential based on distress tolerance and differentiation with the mediating role of alexithymia. Method: The research method was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all undergraduate students of Azad University branches in Tehran in the academic year of 2018-2019 (about 47000 students). Cluster sampling method was used to select the study sample. Thus, 350 students were selected as the sample group in the form of 15 classes. Research instruments included the Weed and Butcher’ s Addiction Potential Scale (1992), the Toronto’ s Alexithymia Scale (1994), the Skowron and Friedlander’ s Differentiation of Self Scale (1998), and the Simmons & Gaher’ s Distress Tolerance Scale (2005). Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. Results: The results of the conceptual model test showed that the fit indices of the research were acceptable. Differentiation and distress tolerance had a direct effect on addiction potetnial (p <0. 05). Also, the hypothesis regarding the indirect effect of differentiation on students' addiction potential through alexithymia was confirmed (p <0. 05). Alexithymia had a significant mediator role in the relationship between distress tolerance and addiction potential (p <0. 05). Conclusion: The findings of the study indicated the suitable fit of the conceptual model of research. Accordingly, in addiction therapy clinics, giving attention to predictors of distress tolerance and differentiation is necessary to reduce the level of addiction potential.

Objective: Temptation is the most important factor associated with drugs use relapse. Mostly, women experience more temptation than men and they are more tempted during treatment than men. The present study aimed to explore the individual precipitating factors of drug temptation in addict women in Tehran. Method: The present research was qualitative method of grounded theory. The study population was addicted women referring to Tehran addiction treatment centers and the sample was 40 addict women who referred to Behboud Gostaran Hamgam women withdrawal center in 2018 being selected using theoretical sampling. Results: Five Categories of cognitive precipitating factors of temptation, affect-emotional precipitating factors of temptation, physiological precipitating factors of temptation, behavioral precipitating factors of temptation and attributes and personality traits precipitating factors of temptation have been identified. Conclusion: By teaching these factors to addicted women and their families, temptation and subsequent relapse can be prevented and the efficiency and empowerment level of those who are recovering can be improved.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of emotional regulation training on resilience and emotional, subjective and social well-being among individuals quitting traditional drugs. Method: The research method is semi-experimental. The statistical population consisted of people who were quitting the traditional drugs and referred to the health centers of Tehran. . Among them, 40 people were selected using convenience sampling method and assigned in two experimental and control groups. The study instrument included The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Subjective Wellbeing Scale of Kiz and Magiarmo (SWS) (2003). Results: Training positive assessment strategies as one of the adaptive strategies can regulate the emotional response of individuals in high-pressure situations.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine The Effectiveness of Group Training on Complications of drug abuse on Behavioral Activation and Inhibition of Systems and Substance Abuse Attitude among high-risk male adolescents. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental and the Statistical Society consisted of 3062 Secondary high school male students of Meshkin Shahr city. From the 25 classes by cluster sampling method, 42 students were randomly selected and divided into control and experimental groups. Carver and White's Behavioral Activation and Inhibition of Systems, Addiction Preparedness, and Attitude to Substance Abuse Scales were used for data collection and data were analyzed by using MANOVA. Results: The results showed that training on the complications of substance abuse effects on increasing behavioral inhibition system and decreasing positive attitude to addiction. Conclusion: These findings suggest that training on the complications of substance abuse can affect the behavioral inhibition system and Attitude to substance use and decrease the tendency of people to use drugs.

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between parent-child conflict, anxiety, loneliness and personal control as predictors of tendency to drug use in adolescents. Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all addicted female adolescents in Abadan who were selected by voluntary sampling method as 200. Data collection instruments included the Tendency to Drug Use Questionnaire (Mousavi, Dustgharin and Roshanfekr Dezfuli, 1999), the Adolescent – Parent Conflict Scale-Short Version (Prinz, 1979), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (Zhang, 1971) and the Revised Scale for Lonliness (Russell D, Peplau LA, Ferguson, 1978) and the Personal Control Scale (Berrenberg, 1987). Results: Path analysis showed that parent-child conflict, anxiety, loneliness had a positive and significant effect on tendency to drug use (P<0/05). The personal control path to the tendency to drug use was not significant (P>0/05). Conclusion: Considering the role of parent-child conflict, anxiety and loneliness in the tendency to drug use, by reducing parent-child conflict, anxiety and loneliness, we can present some solutions to control the tendency to drug use.

Objective: The purpose of this research was the qualitative study of protective and risk factors in addiction among men and women in Isfahan city. Method: The research was conducted using content analysis method (Brown & Clark, 2006). The statistical population included healthy and addicted men and women. Purposeful sampling was performed among clients referring to the addiction treatment centers, the addicts under methadone maintenance therapy, community-based treatment center, camp and the society of anonymous addicts. Also, the healthy individuals were selected based on matched addicts' characteristics. The number of participants was based on data saturation criteria. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection that contained questions regarding the protective and risk factors with respect to addiction. The qualitative data were analyzed by Brown and Clark Method. Results: The results of the content analysis showed that protective and risk factors of addiction were classified into three main categories: intra-family, intra-Psychical and family external factors. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be said that in order to prevent addiction, the above mentioned factors should be considered in the prevention packages.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare addiction memory intensity and self-control in successful and unsuccessful addiction withdrawal. Method: In this causal-comparative study, the population of the study consisted of male addicts who referred to Rasht addiction treatment clinics (District one) in 2018. Among them, 45 individuals with successful addiction withdrawal (more than 2 years) and 45 individuals with unsuccessful addiction withdrawal were selected using convenience sampling method. For data collection, Addiction Memory Intensity Scale (Chen et al., 2018) and Self-Control Scale-short version (Tangny et al., 2004) were used. Finally, the data were analyzed using multi-variate variance analysis. Results: According to the results, levels of addiction memory intensity and self-control were different in successful and unsuccessful individuals in addiction quit (p <0/01). In other words, successful individuals in addiction withdrawal received lower scores in addiction memory intensity and higher scores in self-control in comparison to unsuccessful individuals in addiction withdrawal (p <0/01). Conclusion: Considering the results, addiction memory intensity and self-control are important factors that can be influential in successful addiction withdrawal. Hence, it is possible to increase success in addiction withdrawal by designing interventions that reduce addiction memory intensity and increase self-control.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic role of object relations and defense mechanisms in individuals with opioid abuse, stimulants users, and normal individuals. Method: The research design was correlational. The study population consisted of all clients using stimulants, opiates and normal people who referred to Shiraz and Tehran addiction treatment clinics and health centers in 2019. Among them, 90 people were selected using available sampling method (30 stimulus users, 30 opioid users and 30 normal individuals). The Bell's Object Relations Inventory, Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (Andrews, Singh and Bond, 1993) were used for data collection. Results: The results showed that the mean of all subscales of object relations was significantly higher in subjects with stimulant use than in opiate and normal substance users. Also, undeveloped and neurotic defensive styles in the individuals using stimulants were significantly higher than opiate users. These two defensive styles were higher in opioid users than normal individuals. In addition, the findings indicated that membership of the three groups could be predicted based on object relationships and defense mechanisms. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide evidence for explanatory model of psychodynamic in psychiatric injury and consistent with psychodynamic theories showed that the quality of object relations and undeveloped defense mechanisms play an important role in substance abuse.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of group logo therapy on depression and quality of life of women with addicted spouses. Method: The present research method was semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study included women with addicted spouses in Tehran in 2018. Considering the semi-experimental nature of the design, a sample of 30 people was selected among the statistical population based on the study criteria using convenience method. The sample individuals were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Participants in the experimental group participated in 10 (90-minute) group logo therapy sessions (Frankel, 2001). Data collection instrument included the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Questionnaire and Beck’ s Depression Inventory (1994). Results: The results showed that group logo therapy improved depression and quality of life for women with addicted spouses. Conclusion: Logo therapy can be used as an effective intervention method. This intervention seems to be useful for women with addicted spouses.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on attention and memory functions in heroin addicts. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all addicts of 3 addiction withdrawal clinics in Tehran in 2017. According to the latest statistics, the sample size was 380 in the same year. The statistical sample size as 30 people (15 control group and 15 experimental group) was selected using convenience sampling method. For data collection, Backward Digit Span Task (BDST) and Stroop Test (ST) were used. The experimental group received the cognitive rehabilitation program in 16 sessions and each session for 1 hour. Results: The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation therapy was effective on increasing the executive functions (attention and memory) of heroin addicts and there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation, the attention and memory functions of addicts and especially heroin addicts may be improved.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of social support and cognitive emotion regulation in relapse prevention of the individuals with addiction disorders. Method: The study was descriptive correlational. The study population consisted of all addicts referring to addiction centers in Ardabil city (Iran). 150 subjects were selected using simple random sampling based on Morgan table, and standard scales of social support, measuring instant craving, anticipating relapse and cognitive emotion regulation were completed. Results: The findings showed that social support dimensions are able to predict %27 of the variance of strength intensity (craving) and %21 of the variance of use probability. Also, dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation also could predict %25 of the variance of strength intensity and 30% of drug use probability. Conclusion: According to the results, these factors can help us in better recognition, treatment and intervention in prevention and treatment of substance abusers and can be also useful for planners and psychotherapists in addiction field.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigating the moderating role of the locus of control on the relationship between avoidance and anxiety attachment to parent and the tendency to drug use. Method: The research was correlational. The study population included all Shahid Beheshti University students of Tehran during 2018-2019. 253 students were selected using convenience sampling method. The participants responded to Zargar’ s Addiction Potential Scale, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, and Rotter’ s Locus of Control Scale. Results: The results indicate that avoidance and anxiety attachment to parent showed a positive relationship with external locus of control and drug use tendency. The moderation regression analysis results indicate that locus of control moderated the relationship between attachment to parent and drug use tendency. Conclusion In general, locus of control can have a moderating role between attachment and drug use tendency.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of shame and guilt in the relationship with depression and cognitive flexibility with addictive behaviors. Method: The present study was correlation and structural equation modeling. The study population consisted of all students in Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University who were selected as 211 using systematic random sampling. In the present study, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale of Lovibond, S. H. & Lovibond (1995), the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory of Dennis and Vander Wal (2010), Addiction Potential Scale of Weed & Butcher (1992), the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale of Cohen et al (2011) and the Problem Gambling Severity Index of Holtgraves (2009) were used. Results: The results showed that shame and guilt in relation with depression and cognitive flexibility had negative and significant relationship with addictive behaviors(p<0/001). Direct path coefficients between depression and shame (p <0. 001), cognitive flexibility and shame (P <0. 001) and shame and addiction behavior (P <0. 001) were significant. Also, indirect path coefficients between depression and shame (p <0. 001), cognitive flexibility and shame (P <0. 001) and shame and addiction behavior (P <0. 001) were significant. Conclusion: The present study showed that shame and guilt had negative impact on addictive behaviors and people with these emotions are less likely to have addictive behaviors.