RAYS OF CRITICISM IN ARABIC AND PERSIAN
Year:2017 | Volume:7 | Issue:26 |Papers Count:6

Semiotics is a passage from denotation to connotative meaning which is hidden behind words and secrets and implications. The discourse of BadrShakiral-Sayyabownsnew spaces for discussion and research in spite of tremendous researches written about this poetic discourse. And no doubt semiotics is the best way for getting proper knowledge about its ideologies by revealing signs and textual signs. This article attempts to study the Ode “The Return to Jaykur” based on descriptive and analytical method relying on semiotics approach. This odeis one of the most famous poems he has written in the new reality stage and embodies the paradox between city and village. The ode is a rise against the city and its privative political, social and economic aspects. The poet aims to portray a clear image of the city beyond secrets and implications that causes his loneliness; the city that has lost its effectiveness and robbed spiritual and physical calmnessof its citizen and got spiritual sublimity with its worldly aspect; The same thing that made Sayyab to have left there and be placed calmlyin Jaykur and interact with people who are away from materialism.

Egyptian poet Ibn-e- Nabata is one of the poets of Mamlooki era who witnessed the death of his beloved ones including his own wife and children and composed elegies describing this event and its influence on him.Ibn-e-Nabata’selegy for children's death is true description of separation and pain for the loss of his children. So his elegy is sung with such a painful heart that is near to explode from great sadness as if he is about to die.On the other hand Persian poet Khaqani Sherwani has told Elegy for death of his darlings and relatives. Khaqani Sherwani lost his son, Amir Rashid Al-Din and his death made him to compose elegy in his elegies most famous of which being Taranom Al-Masaeb (The Songs of Sufferings).This study aims to compare the lamentation and its characteristics in Khaqani and Ibn-e- Nabata’s poems based on American comparative literature school. In this regard, the below questions are discussed and responded: What is the view of two poets in their elegiac odes? Who is superior in this area? What are the similar and different aspects of their mournful poems? General result of this article shows that Khaqani surpasses his Arabic counterpart lamentation singing for his son since human feelings are depicted more fully in his composition than Ibn-e- Nabata' s. In addition, he is innovative in this genre of poetry.

This study investigates repetition and its various manifestations in the poetical collection of Al-Asaf Al-Makoul. The Palestinian poet has used this technique for stating pains and sufferings of the Palestinian due to occupation of their nation by the Zionist on the one hand and for adding a kind of rhythm and music to his poetry on the other hand. The present paper is an attempt to introduce various manifestations of repetition based on descriptive- analytical method such as repetition of voice, word, verb, pronoun, symbols and expressions and also it points to function of various aspects of repetition in sentence structure and their strengths in creation of new poetic structures. Pondering in this poetry collection, the reader finds out that topic of repetition has created strong connections between the poet and calamities of his land; accordingly, this expressive method displays a type of spiritual space so that it shows the spiritual pains and internal unsaid things that aim to strengthen desire of the reader.Finally, the study came to this conclusion that the Palestinian poet has applied the repetition technique as an effective tool for stating his own inner thoughts to influence the reader and he depicts crimes of Zionist Regime.

The novel The Secret Life of Said: The Pessoptimist is the most famous literary work of the Palestinian novelist, Emile Habibi. The book has been written in the form of letters sent from narrator of the story to the author. These letters, either in satiric or serious language, have been written using different rhetorical styles. Their principal content is an attempt to portray the Israeli – Palestinian conflict in Palestine, dealing with Israeli characters as one of the conflict sides and elements who have occupied “my” Palestinian land. The reason for selection of the Israeli “the other” character in the present paper is the significant role of this element in conflicts of the occupied lands, who also serves as one of the main characters of the novel. With aid of a descriptive – analytical method, the paper investigates portrayal of Jewish Israeli the other in the novel The Pessoptimist as resistance novel of Palestine and illustrates the characteristics mentioned for Israeli the Other in the novel. Using a symbolic and humorous language and relying on elements such as verbal, physical and spatial descriptions, the author has portrayed a negative image of Israeli the Other.

The term love and its nature in Simin Behbahani's Divan are of a special place. Also, love is considered among the main issues in modern psychology and a prominent psychologist like Erich Fromm discusses the nature of love and loving motives. In this study we attempt to investigate concepts and features of love nature and loving motives in sonnets of Iranian lyric lady, based on theory of Erich Fromm. The main objective of this study is to investigate common nature of love and loving motivations in poems of Simin Behbahani, based on Erich Fromm's views. The study is based on descriptive and analytical method. As a result, this study suggests the idea of Erich Fromm who knows nature of love composed of respect and compassion, sense of responsibility, overcoming loneliness, sacrifice, courage and attempt to rejoin the beloved, promoting spirit of respect and loyalty, in many aspects is matched with Behbahani’s views on the nature of love and loving motivations.

Repetition is astylistic phenomenon in literary texts that plays a prominent role in two phonetic and semantic structures. In this study we surveyed emphasis on understanding features of meaning and rhythm in the Habash’s poem. Furthermore, we explained the most important aspects of repetition by relying on statistics and stylistic method. We chose repetition phenomenon as the subject of research because it is one of the most important phenomena that Palestinian resistance poem is indexed by. The survey of this phenomenon is considered as research in fields of technical and aesthetic aspects of language of poetic text. Findings of the study show repetition in the poem of Habash is simple and compound repetition. Simple repetition is the same as the repetition of sound and word and compound repetition is the same as the repetition of sentence. Repetition isn’t random and accident in the Habash’s poem but it is purposely and regularly in direction of music and meaning in order to demonstrate her love to Palestine and to express sorrow for the tragedies and testimony of relatives and friends and to blow the spirit of resistance and revolution to remove the usurpation.