RAYS OF CRITICISM IN ARABIC AND PERSIAN
Year:2014 | Volume:4 | Issue:13|Papers Count:7

Time of Abbasid I is considered as a cultural and scientific era which is due to the coexistence of different Muslim tribes and their cultural exchanges. In fact, this cultural participation in the Islamic world of the day on the one hand and Muslims endeavor along with other tribes in enriching the Islamic culture all led the society's new needs into the appearance of a common civilization and culture. Of the cultural components in the new Islamic culture was the Iranian culture which served an important role in advancing the scientific and cultural aspects of the time. Jahez's writings are filled with components that originated from Iranian culture; his books are truly a reflection of the events of the time. This paper explores and analyzes these elements to prove the influence of Iranian culture and civilization on the Islamic cultural context.

Khaqani (520-595 A.H.) a famous Persian poet has precious odes (qasideh) and meaningful, complicated poems and is considered as an outstanding poet in Azarbayjani style during 6th century.His poems are full of scientific subjects, religious terms, and can be considered as an encyclopedia of Koranic education and hadith (the words and deeds of prophets and Imams). His mastery in various sciences and application of them in his poems in addition to his creative mind has made his works more complicated. He includes plenty of piousness and moral terms in his poems by using ahadis and the verses of Koran. Undoubtedly mastering Koran and explicating it is a key to solve the complexity of this magic poet. This article studies how he has used Koran and divine meanings in the second odes of khaqani. It should be mentioned that a brief explanation about the poet, his relationship with Koran and an introduction to the second odes are given.

Wisdom, love, and goodness are some concepts that have a special position in the mystical works. Among the various mystical works that have investigated these concepts is On the reality of Love (Fi Haghighat Al-Eshgh) which is a unique work. In this work Suhrawardi has characterized abstract concepts such as love, wisdom and goodness and has created a mystical and philosophical story. After him, many poets and writers have begun to imitate his work and created similar works. One of these is Fozouli's Health and Disease (Sehhat va Maraz). Given the similarities between the two works is the application of reason and good and love we considered and compared these concepts in these two treatises. Fozouli has paid more attention to the mystical meaning of these concepts; Suhrawardi has also considered the philosophical dimension of them. The reason has different meanings in the two treatises; but love and goodness have really close meanings.

Changes which occurred during the recent years reveal the area's sense of Islamic awakening. Of course some do not accept the influence of Islamic learning in this awakening and recount other reasons. Undoubtedly Islamic awakening began with occupation of Palestine in the region and continued with different ideologies some of which were west oriented and some national religious oriented ones. This sense of awakening is clearly reflected in Arabic literature as well as Bahrain's literature which is the subject of this paper. Special terminology indicates the effect of Islamic learning on the poet. For example, in Bahrain's literature one can observe terms such as Allah (God), Alnabi (prophet), Alkoran (Holy Koran), Alrab (God), Almeraj (salvation), Alshahid (martyr) w which is a proof to this influence.

The most important concept in comparative literature is the existence of a literary, cultural, and historical relationship between cultures. In the present era, many researchers have focused on the investigation of these relations. For the same reason many scholars have traveled to Iran for further and closer investigation. Among them one can refer to Yusef Hossien Bakka r. His eight year residence in Iran and his acquaintance with Gholam Hossein Lotfi helped him be more familiar with the sources of Persian Literature. He has written invaluable works which serve Persian literature. As it will be explained he has been truly successful in the interaction between these two languages.

Lack of support of Safavid court of writers and artists made them to migrate to the Indian subcontinent. Gurkanis' (India's Mogul emperorship) warm welcome of Persian writers increased these migrations. The effect of Persian culture and language which was the official language of court contributed to the flourishing of all literary genres especially lexicography in this era. Lexicography can be categorized into three periods: first pre Moguls (7-9 century A.H.); second Mogul's era (10-13 century A.H.); third post Moguls (14 century A.H.). During the first period lexicographers relied merely on gathering poetic terms and disregarded vernacular or written language. Therefore, dictionaries written in this period are not deemed as comprehensive. The most serious works concerning lexicography are written during the second period, i.e. Mogul's emperorship. The most accomplished works in this genre –which is the subject of this paper-belong to this period. The third or recent period refers to the dominance of Britain over the continent and the disempowering of Moguls, a period in which the colonizers did their best to eliminate Persian language and substitute English language.

The formation and creation of every work of art is influenced by social milieu.The sociological criticism is an attempt to reveal the relationship between society and literature. The science of sociology started during nineteenth century and great authors such as Madame de Stael, Hippolyte Taine, and great philosophers and thinkers such as Marx, and Hegel developed it more comprehensively. Undoubtedly novels and stories are influenced by social conditions and the society is also influenced by these works. Thus there is a mutual relationship between a literary work and society.Naguib Mahfouz is one of the authors who has paid attention to different social aspects. This paper which approaches his works based on sociological criticism –with a close look at Children of Gebelawi - tries to deal with social problems and shows that his works have affected the improvement of the Egyptian society.