RAYS OF CRITICISM IN ARABIC AND PERSIAN
Year:2018 | Volume:8 | Issue:30 |Papers Count:6

Time in the novel follows a horizontal movement, but occasionally some disturbance occurs in time''s element which is called as anachronism by critics and is emerged as two retrospective and prospective forms. By taking a descriptive-analytic method, in the present study an attempt was made to investigate the anachronism concept in novel The Thief and the Dogs by Naguib Mahfouz. The findings reveal that the anachronism applied by Naguib Mahfouz reflects the political and mental conflicts in Egypt leading to consistency in the story, the development of its atmosphere and the reader''s persuasion. Applying events related to the past is noticed more than the events related to the future. This story entails many external retrospective views considered as the main lines in the life of the story hero, indicating that these retrospective views make many problems in the story resolved. Keywords: "novel", "story", "anachronism", "retrospective", "prospective", "The Thief and the Dogs", "Naguib Mahfouz"

The Prophet’ s Biography narrates the biography of the Prophet and clarifies the details of his life from his birth until his death, so the Muslims cared about this brilliant biography in past and present and also about everything related to the life of this benevolent prophet in various ways and means available to them. This concern led to the great wealth of books written in his birth, life, miracles The poets and literary authors like other scholars have participated in recording the Prophet’ s biography and immortalization of his moral legacy and virtues, so historical composition and poems appeared which are known in the history of Arabic literature as the Prophet’ s eulogies in which the poets praise the Prophet’ s manners, miracles and military expeditions. Today a new generation of writers of stories and novels has appeared who are attracted by the Prophet’ s biography, so they employed their storytelling and novelistic art in narrating the events of the Prophet’ s biography, combining art and history on the one hand and religion and literature on the other. Among these authors is Jawdat al-Sahhar who focused on employing his art for the Prophet’ s biography with an Islamic view, writing the biography of the Prophet of compassion in a series of stories entitled “ Muhammad the Allah’ s messenger and those with him” . This research aims at studying the employment of novel for the Prophet’ s biography in the book “ al-Hijra” spotting light on how he had combined the Prophet’ s biography with the art of storytelling in this book.

Among all abstract concepts that come in Shams 's sonnets, heart and soul with the most important and most frequently are the main. On the other hand, Mulana repeatedly personifies to these abstract elements that these images are intended to reflect the concepts and features of these spirirual elements which have in his thought and path. This article seeks to analyse and classify of the heart and soul personafications, also recognizing the meaning of each one and consequently reaching a comparison of them. According to the images which have been personified, it seems that two abstract cobcepts of the meaning and scope of application together have a significant distance. Heart is an element which more tangible and closer to the Mulana and closely with him but soul is more distance and the poet is out of reach and followed by it, we look different behavior of the attribution of human's acts, features and qualities.

We consider the narrative structure in the contemporary poetic text to be an integral unit that carries many elements and techniques for its artistic image. The place element has a significant importance in the creation of the narratives and the creation of bonds that combine the narratives with a specific atmosphere in which to express the views of the narrator, The presence of the prominent closed spaces in the poetry of Mohammed Afifi Matar comes in a special verbal nature confined in closed spaces to the organization of the dramatic events and deepen the internal life of the person concerned, but this may result in the merger at the opposite result and lead to adventure in the experience of the outside and then get out of the opposite interviews. This study attempts to use the descriptive-analytical approach to address the narratives of the closed spaces in the poetry of Muhammad Afifi Matar, and in particular focus on the location of the cemetery and the makhee. The cemetery is unique in the dimensions and sizes of the excellence of the closure and limited as a narrative meaning that may be the twin death and resurrection in a position and then suggest offset hostility and familiarity in other positions and that the cafe in his poetry can be a haven to escape the personal safety and stability of the events of reality Occasional, bipolarism occurs, or becomes a conflict between self-sufficiency and globalization.

Semiotics is acritical method which is applied in different fields. Researchers use thismethod in their researches in order to criticiz and analyze the elements of novels such as place. The present inquiry is trying to review the place in the novel (Al-Beir) by Ibrahim Al-Kuni based on the semiotic theory of Perce. Ibrahim Al-Kuniis a writer and journalist, born in the city of Ghadames, Libya. In his novels, he paid a serious attention to the place and its psychological, social and political concepts. ظ Similarlyin The novel (Al-Baer) he earnestly tried to focus on the place and shows the problems of desert dwellers and highly emphasized on his tribe that called Al-Tavariq. Applying analytical and descriptive method, This article is written based on descriptive-analytical method in two theoretical and adaptive sections and contains the following sections: the definition and the importance of semiotics and the place Then, in the apphied section based on the Piere's semiotic method, which includes: the symbol, the Index, the Icon analyzes the place and discovering its psychological, social and political concepts. Finall the article comes to the following conclusions: The place played an important role in this novel, and it is not just a mere wooden decorto show other elements of the story, rather it contains psychological, social and political concepts, . Regarding the characters' attitudes and relations, there are different types of place: unlimited location, the familiar place, the joining place, High place, the multi-dimension place, the connective location, the mental location, place of war, the social placeplace.