Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics
Year:2020 | Volume:7 | Issue:4|Papers Count:8

Background and Objectives: Sexual activity is one of the most basic aspects of human life and sexual satisfaction is one of the important indicators of marital satisfaction. It plays a very significant role in strengthening and stabilizing the family. However, no study has been performed in this regard; therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship of sexual satisfaction with spiritual health and demographic characteristics in women referring to health centers in Qom, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on women referring to health centers in Qom. The subjects were selected using the multi-stage sampling method. Four out of eight districts (1, 2, 4, and 8) were selected by lottery method; subsequently, two health centers were selected from each district using the simple random method. The sample size was calculated at 320 cases using the sample size formula. The required data were collected through the Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Women developed by Metson and Trapnell and Spiritual Well-Being Scale by Paloutzian and Ellison. Finally, the collected data were analyzed in SPSS software using descriptive statistics, such as frequency tables, percentage, and mean and inferential statistics, namely Pearson correlation, Spearman test, and multiple regression. Results: Based on the findings, there was a significant and positive correlation between spiritual health and sexual satisfaction (P=0. 01, R=0. 511). Moreover, it was found that there was a direct correlation between spiritual health and sexual satisfaction; accordingly, people with higher spiritual health have higher sexual satisfaction. Sexual satisfaction also had a negative significant correlation with age and duration of marriage (P=0. 01); accordingly, sexual satisfaction decreased with the increase of age and marriage duration. Furthermore, there was a significant direct correlation between education level and sexual satisfaction (P=0. 003) Conclusion: According to the findings, spiritual health can be considered as one of the appropriate methods to increase sexual satisfaction in women. Therefore, by training women through educational packages or classes (in-person or virtual), it may be possible to increase their sexual satisfaction.

Background and Objectives: Crude oil is the most important exported product and a major pillar of national economic development. The majority of Iran's crude oil exports are shipped from the Kharg oil terminal, which has required the establishment of massive oil facilities and related bureaucratic institutions on Kharg Island. Nonetheless, regardless of its economic benefits for the country, it is necessary to study the effects of this terminal on the life of island residents from different dimensions. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the cultural and social consequences of bureaucratic activities of this company from the experts' perspective. Methods: In this qualitative research, the needed data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The participants included knowledgeable people with the most accurate and useful information about the subject of the research. Their views were obtained, and the data were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. Results: The initial codes were extracted from the data, and after refining and classifying them, 24 concepts were identified which finally fell into five categories. Accordingly, the reduced spiritual health and disintegration of social cohesion among the native residents of Kharg were identified as the major cultural and social consequence of the facilities and oil terminal of Kharg Island. Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, it can be concluded that the merely economic and technological outlook on development and modernity is insufficient. Disregard for the cultural and social dimensions of modernity leaves adverse traces on people's lives. Therefore, it is indispensable that these dimensions be taken into account in a comprehensive and balanced way to avoid the risks of such measures.

Background and Objectives: Occupational burnout is the symptom of physical, psychological, and emotional fatigue which is caused by long and direct exposure to the work environment and clients. This disorder has a high prevalence among care workers, especially nurses. In this regard, the present study aimed to predict the occupational burnout in nurses based on spirituality and psychological capital in Khorramabad, Iran. Methods: This descriptive correlational study was performed on 150 nurses employed in hospitals in Khorramabad during 2016 with a work experience of more than five years. The subjects were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The required data were collected using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (1981), Spirituality Questionnaire by Parsian and Dunning (2009), and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire by Luthans (2007). Finally, the collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 23) using inferential statistics, including the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results: Based on the results of correlation analysis, psychological capital and spirituality had negative significant relationships with occupational burnout while psychological capital and spirituality had a positive significant relationship. Furthermore, the results of the regression analysis revealed that spirituality and psychological capital could predict occupational burnout in nurses. Besides, it was found that among the components of spirituality, "self-awareness" and the "importance of spiritual beliefs in life", and among components of psychological capital, "hope" and "resilience" had the most significant shares in the prediction of occupational burnout in nurses. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that occupational burnout of nurses can be prevented by the improvement of spirituality and psychological capital.

Background and Objectives: The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to billions of physical devices around the world that are now connected to the internet, all collecting and sharing data. The IoT has been widely applied to interconnect available medical resources and provide reliable, effective and smart healthcare service to the people. The social acceptance of IoT applications and services strongly deepens on the trustworthiness of information and the protection of private data. The marked expansion of the IoT specific technologies has presented daunting ethical challenges. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the ethical issues of IoT in medical sciences in Iran. Methods: The current study was conducted in two phases using the mixed-method approach in winter 2020. In the first phase, the ethical issues of the IoT were identified by library search and assessed by the content analysis. In the second phase, ethical issues were ranked by a panel of experts, including 15 IT experts who worked in medical universities in Iran. The Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method was used for ranking the ethical issues of IoT. Results: The obtained results revealed the importance of informed consent (0. 259), privacy (0. 227), information security (0. 195), trust (0. 171), and physical safety (0. 148) in ethical issues of IoT. Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, informed consent and privacy were the most important ethical issues in IoT. Moreover, IoT devices that target or profile peoples' information without their knowledge or consent could be interpreted as infringing upon their privacy. The users of these devices should be able to intentionally manage the transformative effects of the technologies that influence and shape their development. Moreover, the health sector policymakers should be aware of the ethical commitment to using IoT technology.

Background and Objectives: Protection of patient privacy consider as one of the fundamental requirements in professional morality, maintenance of individual dignity, and Patient-centered in the spiritual care system of nurses. This study aimed to explore the relationship between spiritual attitude and Protection of patient privacy in students at Khoy university of medical sciences in 2018. Methods: The present study was an analytical cross-sectional type in which 196 Khoy nursing students were selected. To collect data, two questionnaires of spiritual attitude and patient privacy were applied. Data were analyzed by SPSS V22 software, independent T-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The spiritual attitude of most students was positive with 81. 6% and the tendency to the protection of patient privacy was desirable with positive. Most agrees concerning privacy respectively related to protective measures and consideration of individual hygiene in the prevention of nosocomial infections (72. 4%), the requirement of screen application at the time of caring (65. 3%), and appropriate coverage of patient to prevent unnecessary exposure (62. 2%). There was a positive and significant relationship between the spiritual attitude and necessity of privacy protection (p=0. 045, r=0. 203). Conclusion: All humans have a spiritual orientation potential that with the support of reasoning and learning is amendable. Activities including respecting, privacy-protecting, and listening to patients were considered as spiritual care principles. It is necessary, nursing faculty members strengthen the spiritual attitude and observance of these principles in nursing students by using practical and role-playing teaching methods.

Background and Objectives: Although infertility is a multifaceted problem and leads to various psychological problems in infertile women, issues such as religious and spiritual dimensions of infertility have not received much attention despite the growth of literature focusing on the medical, psychological, social, and cultural consequences of infertility. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the role of spiritual experiences in the feeling of failure and infertility stress in infertile women living in Birjand, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on all infertile women referring to Royesh Infertility Center, Birjand, in the spring of 2020. The subjects of this study (n=120) were selected using convenience sampling and completed the questionnaires of the Infertility Stress Scale, Defeat Scale, and Spiritual Experience Scale. The inclusion criteria were being diagnosed with infertility based on medical records, aging from 25-45 years, having the minimum literacy level, having an infertility period of one year or more, and being willing to enter the study. On the other hand, the exclusion criteria were the noncooperation of the participants and the incompleteness of the questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using mean and standard deviation for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis for inferential statistics. Results: Based on the findings, spiritual experiences had a significant inverse relationship with feelings of failure and infertility stress (P-value<0. 001). Moreover, the variable of spiritual experiences could explain 53. 3% and 47% of the variances of failure and stress of infertility, respectively (P-value<0. 001). Conclusion: The results showed that an increase in spiritual experiences would lead to a decrease in the feelings of failure and stress of infertility. Consequently, it can be said that spiritual experiences are a kind of adaptation and problem-solving strategies that result in the achievement of harmony, internal and external integration, and resolving life crises.

Background and Objectives: Medical students experience various stressors during their academic education. Despite the positive role of two factors of religious attitude and patience on students' mental health, there is a dearth of studies on the relationship between religious attitudes and patience in nursing and midwifery students. Therefore, to promote students' mental health in the face of existing stressors related to education and presence in clinical environments, the present study aimed to assess the relationship between religious attitudes and patience in nursing and midwifery students. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 139 nursing and midwifery students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2015. The participants were selected via simple random sampling. Data collection tools included demographic characteristics form, Evans Patience Questionnaire, and Religion Attitude scale-Review. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: As evidenced by the obtained results, the mean scores of religious attitude and patience were obtained at 97. 21± 15. 5 and 45. 94± 8. 99, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of religious attitude and patience based on demographic characteristics of age, gender, the field of study, and marital status (P>0. 05). According to the Pearson correlation test, there was a significant relationship between the two variables of religious attitude and patience (r=-0. 343; P= 0. 0001). Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that students with higher levels of religious attitude showed greater patience. Therefore, the promotion of students’ religious attitudes may lead to their greater patience in patient care, which in turn, brings substantial benefits to patients, families, and even the organization.

Background and Objectives: Despite the advancement of health science and its expansion, the number of elderlies is increasing annually throughout the world, highlighting the necessity of paying attention to the issue of increasing the psychological well-being of senior citizens. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the role of emotion regulation and spirituality in predicting the psychological well-being of the elderlies. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was performed on the elderlies living in the nursing homes in Qazvin, Iran, in the summer of 2020. The samples (n=92) were selected using the Krejcie and Morgan Table and availability sampling method. The questionnaires that were used as the tools of this research included the Emotion Regulation Scale, Spiritual Attitude Scale, and short-form of Psychological Well-being Scale. The collected data were analyzed in the SPSS software (version 24) using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression test. In this study, the significance level was considered 0. 05. Results: The results showed psychological well-being had a direct and significant relationship with emotion regulation (r=0. 572) and its components, namely reappraisal (r=0. 506) and suppression (r=0. 417; P<0. 01). Moreover, psychological well-being showed a direct and significant relationship with spirituality (r=0. 425) and its components, including spiritual attitude (r=0. 317) and spiritual ability (r=0. 341; P<0. 01). Based on the findings of the standardized regression coefficient (Beta), the components of emotion regulation, including reappraisal (β =0. 434; P<0. 01) and suppression (β =0. 255; P<0. 01), and those of spirituality, namely spiritual attitude (Β =0. 198; P<0. 05) and spiritual ability (β =0. 215; P<0. 05), could positively predict the psychological well-being of the senior citizens. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the improvement of the characteristics of emotion regulation and provision of the grounds for the spirituality of the elderlies can boost the psychological well-being of the elderlies.