Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics
Year:2021 | Volume:8 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

Background and Objectives: Test anxiety is one of the most common types of anxieties in the learning environment that can be correlated with the psychological well-being of university students. However, the religious orientation of the individuals may have effects on this relationship. Therefore, this study aimed to predict the correlation between test anxiety and psychological well-being, emphasizing the mediating role of religious orientation. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was performed based on the structural equation model. The statistical population included the students in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran, in the first semester of 2018. In total, 343 students were randomly selected using a cluster sampling approach. Data were collected using Spielberger’ s Test Anxiety Inventory, Ryff’ s scales of psychological well-being, and Allport’ s Religious Orientation Scale. Following that, the data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis, and the Sobel test. Results: The results showed that the causal relationship of test anxiety and psychological well-being with religious orientation had a good fit. Accordingly, the internal and external religious orientation had a positive and negative correlation with psychological well-being, respectively, and both dimensions of religious orientation play a mediating role in the relationship between test anxiety and psychological well-being. Conclusion: Considering the negative effects of test anxiety on the psychological well-being of medical students, it can be said that religious orientation plays a key role in the moderation of this correlation.

Background and Objectives: The unconventional body management among Iranian women has led to the emergence of various individual and social consequences, highlighting the necessity of investigating this phenomenon from different dimensions. This study aimed to examine the moderating role of religion in the relationship between identity and body management. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on all women (n=400) aged 15-65 years old in the city of Tehran, Iran, selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research instruments consisted of three questionnaires, namely a researcher-made questionnaire on body management, the Dimensions of Religiosity Scale, and the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2. The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was evaluated as appropriate using Cronbach's alpha coefficient method. Results: The results of the correlation test showed that at the 99% confidence level, there was a statistically significant correlation between tendency to body management and identity (r=-0. 319, P<0. 001). Moreover, based on the results of regression analysis, religiosity had a moderating role in the relationship between identity and tendency to body management (β =-0. 31, P<0. 001) and strengthens the negative correlation between dependent and independent variables. It was also revealed that the beliefs and consequences dimensions of religiosity had respectively the highest and least moderating effect in the relationship between tendency to body management and identity (β =0. 78, P<0. 001; β =0. 776, P<0. 05, respectively). Conclusion: The results showed that religiosity could play a role in the tendency to body management, meaning that a higher level of religiosity led to a lower tendency to body management by affecting identity.

Background and Objectives: Adolescence is one of the most important stages of life in this period, due to physical, psychological and behavioral changes, the need to adapt to family and society is felt more. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of attachment styles and religious attitudes in predicting adjustment of students. Methods: The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The research samples included 162 students who were selected by a Multi-stage cluster sampling method of first high school students in the city of Najaf Abad. To collect the data of the Sinha & Singh adjustment Questionnaire (1993), Hazen and Shaver Attachment Styles Questionnaire (1987), Barahani and Golriz Religious Attitude Questionnaire (1975) were used. To analyze the relationships among the variables and to predict variances in adjustment, the Pearson correlation coefficient and the stepwise regression analysis were used. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between attachment styles and religious attitude with students’ adjustment (P<0. 001). The regression analysis results showed that the strongest compatibility predictor variables in students are ambivalent attachment style, religious attitude and avoidant attachment style (P<0. 001). Conclusion: These results indicate that ambivalent attachment style, religious attitude and avoidant attachment style can be important factors in adjustment of students.

Background and Objectives: Uncivil behaviors against morals in nursing students are increasing and it can be transferred to the nursing professional environment. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the incivility of students through appropriate strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of student manner's training on the uncivil behavior of nursing students in Qom University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed by participation of 83 second and third year nursing students from February to March 2019. Students were divided into two experimental and control groups. Intervention of student manner's training was conducted during four weeks. Questionnaire of incivility in nursing education was used for data collection. Data were analyzed by independent and paired t-test. Results: The mean scores of students’ incivility before intervention in the experimental and control groups were 45. 37 ± 10. 56 and 42. 80 ± 13. 50, respectively. After intervention, these values were 38. 23 ± 13. 28 and 41. 94 ± 8. 25, respectively. The difference between the mean incivility of the intervention group in the pre and post training stages was significant (p<0. 05). Conclusion: Student manner's training through free thinking was effective in managing incivility. It is suggested to use this method in managing the incivility of nursing students.

Background and Objectives: The parents in families with a mentally retarded child tolerate psychological consequences in addition to financial and social issues. The mothers of these children are usually exposed to various harms and severe environmental stresses that can be exacerbated or facilitated by different factors. Therefore, this study aimed to predict the perceived stress of mothers with mentally retarded children based on spirituality and five personality traits. Methods: This correlational study included all mothers with mentally retarded children in Qom, Iran, in the academic year 2018-19. The study participants (n=150) were selected using the random sampling method, and the data collection was conducted using Cohen’ s Perceived Stress Scale, Parsian and Dunning Spirituality Questionnaire, and NEO Personality Inventory. The obtained data were then analyzed in SPSS software (version 23) through Pearson correlation coefficient and Multivariate Linear Regression. Results: The results of the c test revealed a significant positive correlation between perceived stress and the self-awareness component of spirituality (P=0. 03; R=0. 18). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the perceived stress and five factors of personality, including neuroticism (P=0. 001; R=0. 29), extraversion (P=0. 03; R=0. 18; ), openness to experience (P=0. 02; R=0. 19), agreeableness (P=0. 03; R=0. 17), and conscientiousness (P=0. 02; R=0. 19). The results of regression test indicated that self-awareness (R 2 =0. 058) as a component of spirituality and neuroticism (R 2 =0. 097), as a personality trait, were two predictors of perceived stress of mothers with mentally retarded children. Conclusion: Based on the results, spiritualism, especially the self-awareness factor, and five personality traits, especially neuroticism, were the good predictors of the perceived stress of mothers with mentally retarded children. Therefore, identification of personality traits that cause stress in mothers with mentally retarded children, and provision of socio-psychological supports to them, especially in form of spiritual programs, can improve the mental health of these mothers.

Background and Objectives: Psychological health in postmenopausal women is important. For this reason, to enhance their sense of biological happiness, religion-based spiritual therapy has been sought as a way to create happiness. This study was conducted to determine the effect of religion-based spirituality education on the happiness of postmenopausal women. Methods: This randomized interventional study was performed on 70 postmenopausal women in 2019. They were randomly allocated into two groups (35 control and 35 intervention). Spirituality therapy was held in six 90-minute sessions once a week, through interactive lectures, group discussion, brainstorming, memory and storytelling, and feedback. Demographic data and the Oxford happiness questionnaire were used for data collection. These questionnaires were completed by both groups before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention, with the researcher’ s presence to answer the research questions. The obtained data were analyzed using the Chi-square, independent t test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with repeated measure in SPSS 16. Results: The mean score of happiness in postmenopausal women was significantly higher in the intervention groups immediately (P<0. 001) and one month after the intervention (P=0. 04) compared to the control group. The effect size of intervention on happiness was 0. 123. Conclusion: Religion-based spirituality education is recommended as a practical and straightforward way to promote the happiness of postmenopausal women. However, further studies are recommended, due to insufficient evidence.

Background and Objectives: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is one of the most damaging psychological effects of the Iraq war against Iran, and one of the most common psychological disorders among Wives of Veterans. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between daily spiritual experiences and perceived stress with the self-efficacy of the wives of veterans PTSD. Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, the population consisted of 326 wives of veterans with PTSD in Golestan Province who were selected by available sampling. Participants completed Questionnaires of daily spiritual experiences, perceived stress, and general self-efficacy. Data analysis was conducted by SPSS version 24 using Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and analytical tests (one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation). Results: The results of analytical tests showed that there was a direct and significant correlation between daily spiritual experiences and self-efficacy (P<0. 001, r=0. 251). Also, there was a significant inverse correlation between self-efficacy and perceived stress (P<0. 001, r=-0. 40). Conclusion: The results showed that increasing spiritual experiences, result in increasing self-efficacy. Also, self-efficacy were inversely related to stress; increasing self-efficacy, less stress was experienced. Therefore, it is suggested that spiritual experiences be increased among wives of Veterans whit PTSD.

Background and Objectives: Professionalism is one of the major concerns of human beings in all sciences, especially in medical sciences, and observing this in various periods of human history is considered one of the most important crises of social life. Any negligence and failure to observe professionalism can affect the findings of the most scientific and best care. The present study aimed to examine the role of teaching professionalism in medical community health. Methods: This review study searched English and Persian databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Magiran, Pubmed, and published studies relevant to the subject and library research via an analytical method. Researchers then explored the texts related to the keywords, such as "training", "professional ethic", and "medical staff health". In total, 320 articles related to the present study from 2000 to 2020 were selected and analyzed by purposive sampling based on input and output criteria. Results: After examining the previous articles and studies related to the present study, the results of this study led to the extraction of key terms and their definitions, including components of professionalism, definition of ethics, and its sub-categories in the form of theoretical, practical, or scientific ethics. Conclusion: The findings show that teaching professionalism has a significant role in the health of the medical community, and it is necessary for policymakers at universities, curriculum planners, and managers to incorporate principles of professional ethics in the curriculum. In order to institutionalize these principles in all educational periods, the principles of professional ethics should be taught and assessed constantly.