RESEARCH IN ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:20|Papers Count:10

Stylistic studies look at the literary text as a homogeneous and coherent unit that we cannot isolate its parts from each other. In this study, Surah Yunus has been studied in terms of its Phonetics aspect, which is one of the most important issues in stylistic studies. This study aims at revealing the relationship between sound and meaning in this Surah and the extent of the cohesion and harmony between these sounds and their implications. This study was based on the statistical method in the distribution and analysis of the voices in the Surah. In this research, it was discovered that, in the Quran, the voices have been amazingly used. So, you can guess the meaning by the type of voices which is used in the verses. And it was found that this Surah has unity in terms of rhythm, and tends to present loud sounds. It was also repeated with a large number of clear voices such as soft and accent voices. This is common in the Arabic speech. In fact, the Surah has followed in this field of Arabic language structure. This rhythm in the Surah presents almost smooth and flexible rhythm, which is rarely seen its tones goes up or down except when necessary. The voices came in harmony with the content and purpose of the verses, so that their voices cannot be replaced by others, and the verse remains as it is a sign of significance and beauty.

Arabic language is a derivative language, so that words do not live alone, but, unlike many other languages in the world, they only get their true meaning in a lexical community. This feature is known among linguists. On the other hand, this language has another feature, and that is the issue of vowels that generate meaning. Each vowel has its own special features that distinguish it from other movements and vowels, so that it only implies a definite meaning. The aim of this research is to study the effect of the strongest vowel phoneme, long and short Arabic ‘ Dhammah’ , on meaning in Arabic language and the vocabulary of the Holy Quran. Thus, studying the effect of Dammah in strengthening the structure of nouns, verbs, and syntactic compounds are the main issues of this research. The research was based on the descriptive-analytic approach which investigates sounds in Quranic words and Arabic language. Finally, the results of this research show that Dammah (which is equal with /u: / and /u/ in English) is the strongest vowel phoneme. This power might lead to strengthening the meaning of words and grammatical-syntactic compounds. So, it is possible to propose a new linguistic principle: the strongest vowels imply the strongest meanings.

Exclusion is a frequent form in Arabic syntax which its semantic significations have always been of interest to linguists, especially scholars of syntax and rhetoric to explain their semantic meanings in their text. Allocation of exclusion to proposition is one of the semantic implications of the exclusion rule to which some conditions are specified. The present research was conducted via an analytical-descriptive method and using an adaptive method to explain and analyze these conditions and syntacticians’ views regarding this issue. The results show that previous syntacticians did not consider exclusion as a specifier, while the later syntacticians analyzed the effect of the jurisprudents in exclusion, and all agree on the meaning of the appropriation in this form. Syntacticians and jurisprudents’ views regarding some of the allocation of exclusion are similar and regarding others is different. Exclusion quantity, exclusion gender, the speaker's intention, and the time-interval between the excluding and excluded are the most important exclusion conditions for appropriation of specified meaning, that jurisprudents have played a role in designing and clarifying the latter two conditions. Although these conditions have been documented in the justifications in syntax, on the one hand, they are of principle-jurisprudential nature, and the layout of the plan is different from that in the syntax, and on the other hand, there are disagreements among the scholars and principles regarding these terms.

Semiotic proceeds to investigate the hidden points of poetic texts and follows a network of textual relations using beneficial methodology in contemporary periodical criticism, and causes the dynamics of texts in critical reviews and identifies existing codes in linguistic structures and measures their flexibility with innovative concepts. Muhammad Afifi Matar is a great Egyptian poet, whose expression possesses a set of codes and ambiguous concepts that are often related to effective cognitive marks, which provides an excellent opportunity to review his poetry in various aspects, such as semiotics. Therefore, in the ode of ‘ Don Quixote’ s sufferings’ , we chose the methodology of semiotics, till we step forwards with the help of it, within the boundaries of this circumstances and linguistic or non-linguistic effective cognitive diagnostics. The result of this research reveals that, the poet borrows most of his vocabulary from everyday life in order to achieve the expressive capabilities of the present ode, in order to reduce the pressure of his complex visual language and, on the other hand, to avoid direct statement, but still it plummets in a chain of paradoxes that create a huge gap between the tangible reality and his mental imaginations. The images used in this ode are summarized in terms of nature and terms which are related to it, although these images of the same language system are disarranged in the application of vocabulary and the way that we look at them. The poet’ s thresholds play a major role in representing the manner in which the poet enters the text and brings him to the right end, and the aesthetic space of the text presents its own unique character through a variety of phrases and contrasts in the ode, so that it helps the overall coherence of the text by choosing the far and nearer vocabulary.

“ Prague” group is among constructionist linguists because they noticed the function of language “ communication” and prioritized the function of language rather than its structure. Their studies do not concentrate on the structure of language but it focuses on the relationship between the structure and its meaning, the role of speaker and hearer. The role of rhetoric is to study the appropriation of speech, in the other words rhetoric examines the harmony among the discourse, texture and condition where speech is presented along with its meaning and also the role of speaker and listener. So, it can be said that applied principles of syntax and rhetoric are common and the book entitled ‘ Miraculous Reasons’ written by Jorjani is one of the biggest rhetoric books where the signs of functionalist can be found; since harmony between the form and meaning or function, or function and structure are among the most important signs of functionalist in the Jorjani’ s book. The aim of present study is to examine the functionalist principles including: the role of language, relationship between structure and function, the role of listener and speaker and then to match these principles based upon Jorjani’ s theory. Primacy and recency in the words and deletion are studied in Jorjani’ s theory. The most important result of this study is that, in the view of Jorjani, the main task of language is to communicate between the listener and speaker and this communication isn’ t possible in the form of sentence and text, then task and function is prioritized over term and structure. If the speaker begins his/her speech with a verb, it means that he doubts about verb occurrence and if he begins with a noun, there is a doubt in its subject. This is in common in all interrogative, negative or positive sentences. Definiteness or indefiniteness of predicate is also proportional to texture of speech.

The main purpose of the researchers of this paper is to examine the specific creative aspect Nazok Al-Malaeke’ s poetic innovations, the famous and critic contemporary poet to examine how poet's use of poetic language and the study of the nature of poetic words and hidden implications thereof, and her special linguistic style. Accordingly, to achieve the aforementioned goal, this study is done by descriptive-analytic method and with partitioning applied aspects of language into five parts during the poem, namely, to study the language of groom or sadness, love, legacy, of spoken and romantic. The results show that the language of sadness is blended with her experienced abandonment in many idiots. The language of love in her idiots is full of secretaries which can be decoded by herself. And most of the vocabularies related to the language of love implies the moral and spiritual concepts. There are many vocabularies related to nature which implied the secret or explicit concepts in her poem. On the other hand, instability and unrest in her life is the important agent to apply such these concepts in her idiots. The study of spoken language shows that she applied a few spoken and linguistic words in her poems which are vague and unknown. These words related to Arabic literary legacy in her poems are not lifeless and insensitive, but also, the poet exploits the legacy of language in order to express her poetic intentions.

Learning Arabic syntax in Iranian universities is an important lessson in teaching Arabic language, and has many challenges and obstacles. Of course, these barriers are not limited to Iranian students and Arabs are also faced with these challenges in learning Arabic syntax. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to study the traditional and modern methods of teaching Arabic syntax and the problems and obstacles facing undergraduate students in Arabic language and literature in order to find solutions to these challenges and barriers, the three main components of the teaching and learning process, including a professor, student and subject matter, have been studied. The results of the research showed that only one method cannot be emphasized and ignored other methods and in order to do so, taking all educational practices into account, they should eliminate the inefficient methods of teaching syntax and pave the ground for students to participate in the classroom and, based on examples of students' daily life, professors should introduce a book to students that presented a methodology and avoid the syntactic rules of use and the differences between the synagogues of Basra and Kufa.

The origin of irony is not only from Greek philosophy but also, it is a modern literary approach. Irony has enterd and expanded in Arabic literature. Irony includes many meanings and in science of rhetoric similar to verbal sharing and in cultural and social communication near to literary critisim. We have found the role of semantic in this discourse is noticable, and it emerges as a semantic method in rhetoric and literary criticism. So, we tried to uncover the semantic dimension of the concept of irony, and to reveal the contradiction of meaning and verbal sharing. However, it seems that irony is the same as common arts in rhetoric such as meaning, eloquence and exquisite. There are many difrences between irony and rhetorical methods. The authors, using new ideas by an analytical method, interpreted examples of irony. The conclusion of this research is that the term irony-from a semantic point of view-is a verbal sharing that cinsists of sarcasim and paradox. In orther to use verbal or situational sarcasim, speakers redicule the person and say the meaning different to what speakers say.

Art as an aesthetic trend is a means of pleasure to the endpoint audience; however, at the same time it is a way to convince the audience and satisfy them as the artist tries to utilize existing means to internalize goals that are manifested in the work in the mind of the audience. Therefore, art cannot be limited to visual or abstract music effects, but can be regarded as an artistic effect of every political speech or scientific theory that contains artistic elements. This article aims at analyzing political speech based on verbal techniques. Two Lebanese political figures were chosen among the Lebanese Society: Hezbollah Secretary-General Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah and the Speaker of Lebanese Parliament/head of the Amal Movement, Nabih Berri, who are known for using the closest ways to connect with and convince endpoint audience. This way, the introduction, body, and concluding remarks in the speeches of these two leaders contain elements which are worth analyzing aesthetically. The results showed that the introduction, body and conclusion of their speeches have discoursal elements including the use of persuasion strategies and psychological effects that are related to the audience and convinces them, that help the two leaders to influence the audience by their words.

The ode ‘ Maghtal al-Qamar’ is a poem written by Amal Dongol, an Egyptian poet, after his experience of human life in the village. In this ode, his dichotomy and bipolar approach to city and village is expressed in an encoded manner. In this poem, the poet, relying on the storytelling technique, created a sad scene together with sorrow and grief for the audience. This ode consists of four sections of dramatic narrative. This research is a structural research based on a descriptive-analytical method that examines the structure of this ode in five levels of audio, syntax, grammar, terminology, semantics, and codes. The results of the research indicate that the poet at the audio level has a poetic weight proportional to the dramatic atmosphere of the ode, and at the syntax level has used the various declarative, nominal, and verbal statements; and at the grammar level has used a lot of past verbs. At the level of terminology, the words of the ode are simple in appearance but have complex and obscure meanings. At the level of semantics, the poet uses artistic images such as simile, metaphor, and so on to express his feelings. At the level of the codes, the poet uses religious myths such as Christ and the Prophet Yusuf, portrays the lack of dependence of urbanite on authentic values. From the beginning to the end, this ode is full of mystery and duality, and structural readings can play an important role in reopening the text nodes and attaining the meaning of the ode.