Culture-Communication Studies
Year:2017 | Volume:17 | Issue:36 |Papers Count:8

According to the nature of inventions, they are easily exposed to various illegal usages which should be recognized and tackled. One of the illegal usages that is considered in the United States is Patent Trolls. These institutions are unproductive and they purchase minor inventions without trying to commercialize them and they want to gain profit from the producers who unknowingly make use of innovations belonging to patent trolls and as a result they deprive the society of the innovations’ outcomes. Patent Trolls consequences on businesses, public welfare and issues like this generates legislative, judicial and doctrinal repercussions and responses throughout the Unites States.  As a result, in order to diminish the activity of the patent trolls, some new laws are passed and the methods of compensation have been altered since most lawyers consider the existence of these institutions to be destructive for innovation. With regards to new founding of patent troll in intellectual property arena, this paper examine the response of law system to the trolls as a controversial issue of patents area.

Removal reasons of liability is circumstance in which the conditions, the person who makes loss is not responsible for compensation. These conditions in civil liability is divided to legitimate defense, rule of law or competent authority, pride, coercion, reluctance and exigency. Forcible strength is from the events which totally destroys causality relationship, and therefore does not fit in the discussion of justificatory reasons or exempted conditions, because the causes of Justification, causal relationship between the harmful act and harmful factor is verified. Now the important question is this if mass media harm individuals and attribute the harm to the causes like coercion, exigency based on act and etc. is it possible to ask them for compensation? Therefore due to the above reasons, there is no responsibility for person who makes loss, but it must be admitted that the situation in the area of civil liability of the media is slightly different from what is basically mentioned in civil liability. In this article using the analytical- descriptive method trying answer these question that in Iran‘s legal system what factors can be considered to be the factors which can remove civil liability of mass media? And as an answer to this question the removal causes of civil liability of media is mentioned and described within 7 title including task or legal authority of media, judicial or administrative orders of a superior officer, expressing criticism and constructive comments, coercion and reluctance, urgency Under certain conditions, the act of person  against himself, and  pride.

The growing popularity of satellite channels among Iranian audiences has doubled the necessity of studying the content of these channels. In this regard, few studies have examined satellite channels for kids and the content they offer.The growing popularity of satellite channels among Iranian audiences has increased the necessity of studying the content of these channels- In particular, the children channels which has been barely researched. Regarding this matter, Gem Junior Channel as the most famous satellite channel for broadcasting child’s programs in Persian Language was selected for studying discursive order of desirable feminine identity- as it is the area of dispute among many discourses for setting their meanings in that discursive order. By using analytical capabilities of Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory three Gem Junior programs (Barbie: Life in the Dream house, Sky Dancers and Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated) were studied. In the Barbie animation "Beauty and attractiveness" was recognized as central signifier and discursive signifier of "sociability" was recognized as central signifier in two other programs. As a general conclusion of studying the discourse of this channel, "sociability" turned out to be the central signifier of the discursive order of feminine identity in the studied programs. This is while other peripheral signifiers such as “individualism”, “inter-sexual relations” (free, non-official and friendship-based relationships), Ethical, beauty and attraction (by this definition: free, half nude and body-revealing dresses) and … constitute the discursive system of the network within discursive order of feminine identity. this discourse imagine some others for itself were mostly represented in the form of , unethical, wicked and evil, and inhumane  identities and due to absolute Reprehensible of these signifiers, other less evident signifiers such as unsociability, unemotional and etc joined with them. In fact. These discursive bonds are making main Conflict areas in discourse of Gem junior channel.

In this article the manner of representing the “Other” in 10 animations which succeeded in winning Oscar award during 2005 to 2014 is studied using Barth’s three levels semiotic method. The ideological significations of these animations are also studied. In this research, the way of representing race and gender of "other" are two main components. The result of the research indicate that the racist approach towards the other has changed in animations which are under study. Moreover, there has been a clear change in representing women in these animations. It can be said as a general conclusion that another representation in recent Oscar winning animations is the fact that there is not people’s race and gender which determines their otherness. Instead it is their thoughts, beliefs and actions which determine who is the “Other”. A representation of the other as the one who is against change, does not tolerate differences, is dedicated to traditions and hurts the environment is among the results of this study.

Popular novels which are available through the Internet are one of the symptoms of producing content on the cyber space that shows shifting pattern of usage of internet in Iran from one-way usage of the contents of websites and social networks toward producing various contents. What has done in this study is reviewing the popular novels of the most visited sites of this kind like "98ia" website. The main question of research is about representation of the sexual identity of young people in these popular novels. 24 novels from the most popular ones in this website have been selected using intentional sampling, and have subjected to qualitative content analysis. The results of the study showed that what those young writers have published in these novels, more or less showing the little commitment of young people toward limits and frameworks of traditional society in expressing gender identity in appearance, values, sexual views, and cross-gender behaviors. This little commitment, by a little difference among low and upper classes of the society, is recognizable. Young people of the new generation in the reviewed novels, are the ones with views, model of expressing identities, and cross-gender behaviors which in fact challenge the values of their previous generation. However, the content of popular novels of "98ia" show a dominant image of lifestyle among the upper classes of the society.

The main purpose of this Article is to identify the needs, challenges and main factors which are effective on creating social network for Iranian Elites. In this study, we have tried to show what are the most important factors affecting the integration, development and sustainability of the Iranian elites’ virtual social Network. The research method of this research is descriptive-survey which the requirements of Iranian Elites are described and analyzed in order to provide a specialized social network. The data collection method was based on library studies, interviews with senior managers of elites’ national foundation and a questionnaire and among about 13,000 elites covered by elites’ national foundation a sample of 375 individuals were elected based on Morgan table and Stratified random sampling method. Friedman test was used to rank results The results show that “Interaction with other elites” and “Achieving a coherent knowledge base” are the main reasons to join this network. Cultural weakness in relation to dialogue, critique and analysis And weaknesses in the IT infrastructure are The most fundamental challenges in terms of designing and launching of the Iranian elite network from the viewpoint of audiences of this knowledge area .The most effective factors in stability of the network include “to provide and publish the latest and most reliable scientific resources such as articles, books, etc and announcement the need for Research and professional projects by institutions and industries.

We can't define religious cinema just based on content and without its form. So the script form is an important element in designing a religious script as far as some movies in religious cinema became anti-religion movies because of their weakness in form. Script that fails to reach the correct form, is incomplete in expressing the content. So at first, the script should has the right form. Studying some movies to reach a right form in religious and secular script is a good way for making a right form for a religious script.The main constituent examined in this study and its viewpoint to study the elements of religious and secular script is based on actantal model and hero's journey pattern. a Systematic structure by making hero and anti- hero and their contrast in the process of developing the plot in religious script and how to design them in TV series like Game of Thrones and Mokhtar Nameh has been studied and their results are presented.