Medical History
Year:2021 | Volume:13 | Issue:46|Papers Count:26

Background and Aim: Persian medicine dating back to ten thousand years, has ability to solving some of the present medical problems. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of various drugs of Persian medicine on special symptoms and different diseases. Knee osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, consist of inflammation, major joint structural changes, causing pain and functional disability and at least decrees patients’ quality of life. MM ointment according to Persian medicine and reverse pharmacology is consist of Arnebia euchroma. L. This study intends to review these plant and the performed studies, to summarize the process of production of MM ointment and its effectiveness in these disease. Materials and Methods: Published sources from reliable Iranian and foreigner journals, books and thesis were used in these article. Findings: A. euchroma from the family of Boraginaceae, distributed in Asia and dry region of Africa. Its prominent components are Shikonin and Alkannin with widespread pharmacologic properties such as anti-inflammation, anti-microbial and anti-cancer effects. According to animal study and some clinical trials on patient with knee osteoarthritis, results showed positive anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of MM ointment on primary knee osteoarthritis. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in using the sources to write the article. Conclusion: MM ointment containing Arnebia euchroma using Persian medicine and reverse pharmacology with positive anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects on patients with knee osteoarthritis, was more tolerable, with no considerable side effects, it leads to increase the patient quality of life.

Background and Aim: During Naseri era numerous newspapers with various titles went under publication. The first newspaper of this era was called Vaghaye Etefaghiyeh, whose issues from 472 to 550 continued after being renamed to Dolat-e Alie Iran. Iran newspaper was another major paper of this time, circulated in large numbers. Each of these newspapers contained internal and foreign political and social content. The purpose of the present research was to study the hygiene and medical reports during Naseri era in Iran based on Vaghaye Etefaghiyeh, Dolat-e Alie Iran and Iran newspapers. Materials and Methods: The present research studied hygiene and medical reports and news during Naseri era in three Iranian newspapers of that period, including Vaghaye Etefaghiyeh from issue 471 and its continuation under the name Dolat-e Alie Iran from issue 472 fro 550 and Iran newspapers (417 issues of this newspaper up to the year 1877 (1297 AH) through a descriptive-analytical method. Results: The findings of the research show that, though these newspapers were owned by the government and even though Vaghaye Etefaghiyeh had an expensive subscription, they managed to provide their readers with valuable information through publishing various features specially hygiene contents such as introducing types of diseases, specially pandemics like cholera and smallpox, etc., inspecting reasons for their prevalence and ways to fight them during a time when hygiene and medical facilities and information sources were scarce. The advertisement section of these newspapers also contained medical news, which included: introduction of competent doctors and compiled and published books on various medical subjects to further inform people. Ethical considerations: In referring to texts and research, honesty and trustworthiness also citing to the sources and publications have been respected. Conclusion: beside various political and social reports of mentioned newspapers, numerous health and medical reports are published too. Reports such as; Hefz-Alsehah Meeting, introducing diseases and many other health issues, all indicate that those newspapers pay attention to health and medical matters.

Background and Aim: With the Buyid dynasty day to day powering and conquering central and western regions of the Islamic world, especially Baghdad and Shiraz, health-related activities including building and equipping the hospital accelerated. One of these centers was Shiraz Azodi hospital, which was built under the order of Azod od-Dowleh Panah (Fana) Khusraw in 971-973 AD. This interest in medical sciences resulted in founding Shiraz Medical Field. Despite the importance of this hospital, there is limited published information about it, which reveals the need for more extensive research. Accordingly, recognizing the role of this hospital in linking Jundishapuri’ s medical knowledge and the Islamic era is of great importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain this hospital status in the Buyid dynasty based on historical sources that are available. Materials and Methods: In this study by descriptive-analytical method, Shiraz Azodi hospital was studied from structural and organizational aspects such as therapeutic and educational functions. Findings: The results of this study showed that Shiraz Azodi hospital was managed like Jundishapur Hospital. Azodi hospital had its specific organizational structure and departments, which were developed over time and as a result of medical achievements. This hospital was established and managed with the financial support of the government and the receiving charity for many years and was known mainly because of its great library. This hospital was also active in transferring research achievements and training physicians such as Abu Maher Shirazi and Ali Ebn Al-Abbas-al-Majusi (Haly Abbas). Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the support of Azod od-Dowleh led to the improvement of the health system in Shiraz over four centuries, which resulted in attracting prominent scientists and physicians and transmitting their medical information through the preparation of books and educating other students.

Background and Aim: The scientific works inherited from this scholar are evidence of his expertise in literature, history, medicine, and medicine-related fields such as pharmacology. Orayb ibn Sa'ad Qortobi is one of the prominent figures in the realm of medicine who conducted scientific research in the golden age of the history and culture of Andalusian civilization (Spain) during the rule of the Andalusian Caliphs (Abdul Rahman al-Nasser and al-Hakam al-Mustasnar). Much of Orayb’ s fame is in history known as "Seleh al-Tabari Tarikh. He was an expert in in literature, history, astronomy and science of medicine and its related branches such as pharmacology. In this paper we want to research his role in medicine and his book “ Khalq al-Janin wa Tadbir al-Habali wa Al-Moloudin” is introduced. Materials and Methods: This research has been written With the help of the library method. Findings: With Orayb rising to stardom in the medical science, Khalifa al-Hakam requested him to produce a work. In the medical schools of Muslims in the early centuries, gynecology, obstetrics and pediatrics constituted a unified domain due to the integrity and linkage of contents. In his manuscript Khalq al-Janin, Orayb has not distinguished gynecological, obstetric, and pediatric diseases. "Khalq al-Janin wa Tadbir al-Habali wa Al-Moloudin", has 15 chapters ashygiene, health and nutrition of pregnant women and infants as well as pediatrics and the prevention and treatment of diseases in mothers and infants. He therefore authored a treatise on Midwifery, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and fidelity were observed in the analysis, reporting and publication of materials. Conclusion: This treatise is one of the seminal medical works of Orayb, which according to some scholars, is the first book to scientifically discuss all matters and subjects relating to embryology, childbirth, requirements of pregnancy, infants and children, child nutrition, health and treatment of pediatric diseases. This paper aims to look into the scientific life and achievements of Orayb ibn Sa'ad and to explore some of his works in this field. In the medical history of Iran and Islam, there are a number of physicians, some of whom are not adequately known.

Background and Aim: Most contemporary historians and scholars have considered the domination of the Mongol tribes over Iran not only as one of the causes of the decline of science and knowledge in this land but also mentioned this event as one of the reasons for the decline of Islamic civilization. Medical science was one of the sciences that was considered during the flourishing of Islamic civilization in Iran and scientists active in this field achieved significant results and achievements. This study aims to study the medical science in the Ilkanid period from different angles to answer the question of what is the place of medical science in the Ilkanid period. Has the Mongol domination and the formation of the Ilkhanate government caused the decline of this science in Iran or not? Materials and Methods: The present research has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on the collection of research files from library studies. Findings: A study of documents, documents and historical and scientific sources of Iran in the Ilkhanate era shows that the unhealthy lifestyle of the Mongols and their lack of medical science has caused medical science and the skills of physicians in the conquered areas including Iran to be considered by Mongol leaders. With the formation of the patriarchal government and the coming to power of Iranian Scientist statesmen and their victory over witches and alchemists, the position of physicians among the Ilkhans was further enhanced, which resulted in the revival of scientific activities in various fields of medicine. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Conclusion: Contrary to the common belief of medical science and related activities in the Ilkhanate era, For the reasons that will be mentioned, not only has it not declined, but in some ways it has moved forward in the coming periods. Construction of medical centers and medical education, directing medical knowledge to other educational centers such as observatories and schools, extensive scientific relations in the field of medicine with other nations, especially China, localization of medicinal plants, description and writing of medical works are examples of this forward movement in the field Medical science has been in this period.

Background and Aim: The history of illustration in medical manuscripts is replete with images concerning anatomical science, human and animal anatomy, plant morphology, and surgical tools. Meanwhile, regardless of such standard illustration methods, Tohfat al-Momenin includes narrative depictions of medical practices and treatment based on medicinal plants. This manuscript prompted an exploration of the book's visual features' features to study their narrative and their translation and transfer, considering the text's scientific nature. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical study based on the visual data's qualitative interpretation. The data were collected through secondary research using the library and online sources, including the U. S. Library of Congress website. Findings: Although the text of the manuscript is not narrative, is open to interpretation, and has deep scientific-semantic layers, the artist has not embraced complex methods, instead has tried to create illustrations based on the text realistically. Illustrations that is easy to read and comprehend for the audience. Therefore, practicing loyalty to the text, which contains praising God's glory (spirituality) and medical instructions, the artist has selected the methods of tazhib (illuminated manuscript) and illustration to create a form of visual affinity between both spiritual and physical health. Conclusion: The overall result of the study points to the dominance of simple forms, use of dynamic and focused composition, adoption of a perspective with diverse focal points, use of variegated, supplementary, cold, and warm color types, and attention to the image of physician and patient characters in the golden point or center of the illustrations. Accordingly, these elements and the visual qualities help with an aesthetic representation of medicine and treatment in a realist manne.

Background and Aim: The management of a novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) is a global health issue nowadays. The use of unproven natural products is on the rise in the Iranian population due to mass media advertising. This review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of some prevalent natural products/procedure suggestions for COVID-19 management in Iran. Materials and Methods: The scientific motor engines such as Google Scholar, Science-Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, and the using mass media by Iranian were searched by the keywords. Among the large amount of data, those linked to the aim of study are collected and discussed. Findings: Among the natural products/procedure suggestions in preventing or treating COVID-19, Ginger, Imam Kazem’ s drug, Baking Soda inhalation, Salt instead of using the mask, natural disinfectants, and apitherapy were the most prevalent in Iran. However, these products/procedures were over-advertised in Iranian mass media; most of them are not recommended in Persian medicine references or proved in new studies. Medical ethics possess a valuable place in Traditional Persian medicine, and the administration of unknown agents, without any reliable documented data, has repeatedly been forbidden by the ancient Persian physicians. According to Medical Ethics Regulations of the Medical System Organization, the medical prescription by non-physicians or medical prescription outside of approved protocols are forbidden. Ethical Considerations: In compiling this study, the principle of fidelity and honesty of quoting the used texts and avoidance of personal inference from analysis have been observed. Conclusion: Based on the results, many natural products/procedures were over advertised in Iranian mass media are without reliable data for COVID-19 management. In addition, intentional neglect of natural or traditional treatments with some scientific evidence by the authorities can have a moral burden.

Background and Aim: Texts and works of traditional (Iranian) medicine show that the physicians of this school of medicine, based on their own paradigm in the field of neurology, were familiar with dementia (Alzheimer's). Also the method of treatment and prescription of medicinal plants such as (frankincense, halibut, saffron, amla, etc. ) for the treatment of this disease can be seen in the works and writings of physicians such as Razi, Ibn Sina, Ahwazi, etc. Contrary to the paradigm of traditional medicine (and its lack of commitment to the worldview of the four elements and the principles of temperaments and humors in the world), conventional medicine has taken a quantitative and reductionist approach to treating this disease. This study is an attempt to investigate the treatment of Alzheimer's disease using traditional medicine combinations and common medical prescriptions and its purpose is to answer this question: What are the therapeutic similarities between traditional medicine sources and common medical prescription methods? Materials and Methods: This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and by taking notes from the advanced medical sources (Al-Hawi, Qanun Fi Al-Tib, Kamel Al-Sina'a, Khalasa Al-Hakma, etc. ) in libraries and comparing it with the resources in the database of Magiran publications and Jihad Daneshgahi Scientific Information Database and other new research papers have been formed. Findings: Chemical analysis and decomposition of herbs and spices prescribed in traditional medicine confirms the fact that these drugs all have more or less different proportions of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and. . . compounds. The most basic antioxidant properties of herbs and herbs are effective in preventing the destruction of brain cells. Conclusion: The appropriateness and proximity of the chemical structure of drugs prescribed in conventional medicine such as Tacrine, Denpzil, etc. with the compounds in herbs and spices used in traditional medicine, shows a significant and remarkable similarity. This similarity can be researched and carefully considered by researchers in the vicinity of the treatment methods of these two schools of therapy, while maintaining the principles and structural principles of each.

Background and Aim: The folk medicine of the Safavid period was influenced by a kind of pervasiveness of sanctity that arose from a pervasive political-social-cultural process. At the same time, this sanctity influenced medical beliefs and behaviors aimed at preventing / treating social classes And fueled a range of therapeutic-preventive actions in its popular form. In fact, what happened, or was somewhat reinforced and spread, was that a set of human phenomena, human artifacts, and natural affairs were labeled sacred, and this gave rise to the therapeutic / medical notion of these phenomena. It strengthened the popular beliefs of the people. Materials and Methods: The method of this research is based on the study of libraries and the study of original manuscripts and ancient medical books in order to reflect descriptively-analytically, the contexts of the prosperity of sanctity in the Safavid era and the relationship between folk medicine and this phenomenon. Findings: The pervasive socio-political process of the Safavid period led to the formation of a set of demands, needs and medical problems and issues related to prevention and treatment in accordance with this sacred set, and folk medicine in deep connection with Put a culture of belief and sanctimonious beliefs. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and fidelity were observed in the analysis, reporting and publication of materials. Conclusion: The results showed that the pervasive sanctity in the Safavid period, encouraged a set of medical practices and popular behaviors and beliefs around the two axes of prevention and treatment and highlighted it as a norm or popular medical behavior.

Background and Aim: Tabriz is considered among one of the cities that had great political and economic importance during the Safavid period. However, having had such an importance, the favorable weather conditions and preventive measures in the field of urban health, there were several also problems. Despite the presence of skilled physicians and the construction of several hospitals, due to lack of serious evolution in the field of healthcare and the prevalence of infectious diseases, there wasn’ t any good health care condition. Materials and Methods: The main materials of the present study are information and data from historical sources, travelogues as well as medical thesis of the Safavid period. Along with them, new research in the field of health and medicine of the Safavid period were used. The method applied in this research is descriptive-analytical; besides, the research was carried out based on data collection by library research method. Findings: According to the available information, it appears that despite the favorable weather conditions, the lack of the problem of water shortage and pollutants; being influenced by various factors such as wars and the prevalence of infectious diseases, regardless of transforming the hospitals into hospices, the continuation of science and treatment methods weren’ t favorable. Ethical Considerations: During this reaserc process, while referring to the mentioned context, not only has it been tried that the principle of fidelity and loyalty as well as originality of resources to be taken in account, but it alsohas been tried to avoid bias in referring to the texts or analyzes. Conclusion: In the present paper, first the factors affecting the environmental health are studied and then physicians and medical centers are examined; furthermore, the positive and negative factors affecting the healthcare of Tabriz are studied and analyzed in the interval between the rise and fall of Safavid.

Background and Aim: Prevention is better than cure. Humans have been looking for ways to improve their health. So prevention must be strengthened. One of the tools to strengthen health is to provide it in the dimensions of environmental health. This research aims to review the principles and features of traditional health housing by reviewing the documents of traditional medicine and the features of traditional architecture. Materials and Methods: This research is qualitative. Before and after setting the criteria in the present interdisciplinary research, medical and architectural researchers have been referred for interviews to deepen medical concepts and the consensus of experts in the validation of architectural examples. The method of data collection has been searching library resources, articles related to prestigious medical and architectural journals, and exploratory interviews to deepen the understanding of the subject. Findings: The findings show that traditional medicine with a single approach based on common qualities, explains the effect of environmental factors of health, including climate, physical and mental movement, and sleep-wake, on housing management. In traditional architecture, some principles and features are by the recommendations of physicians in the four mentioned forms for organizing housing. Conclusion: The most important medical advice for hot and dry climates is to moderate heat and dryness by increasing humidity, cooling, and natural airflow in the spaces. Air dryness can be controlled with an introverted design to control radiation and wind, the use of the spatial pattern of the pond and cellar and the elements of water, plants, and canopies, and cool and natural airflow is achieved by installing holes, windbreaks, and openings in walls and high skies. In the dimension of physical and mental movement, to regain physical and mental forces and general balance in its temperament, priority should be given to the state of stillness and tranquility of the house. Mental health can be achieved through hierarchical design, spatial centrifugation, collective space centralism, and the use of symbolic arrays. In the sleep-wake dimension, by observing the principle of space and spatial independence, the ground for benefiting from awakening and recovery of forces in the sleep state is provided.

Background and Aim: In 431 AH, after a 13-year struggle with the Ghaznavids, the Seljuk Turkic dynasty succeeded in defeating them decisively in the battle of Dandanqan and laying the foundation of a government that lasted until 590 AH. During the 159 years of Seljuk rule in Iran, 15 members of this dynasty officially came to power. Most of the rulers of this dynasty died as a result of various diseases. Some of them were killed during internal conflicts in order to gain power or in the process of confronting the foreign enemies of the monarchy. With a few exceptions, the deaths of both groups, and especially of the sultans who died an unnatural death, occurred at a young age. This caused most of the rulers of this dynasty to have an unstable monarchy. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the manner of death of the Seljuk sultans and the relationship between the type of death of these rulers and their reign and life. Materials and Methods: In the present study, using statistical methods, the most important sources of the Seljuk era have been studied and analyzed in order to achieve the objectives of the research. Findings: Most kings who died a natural death had a history of various diseases; but they died as a result of a certain disease. The most important of these diseases were colic, hemorrhoids, tuberculosis, inflammatory fever, smallpox, diarrhea and sexually transmitted diseases. The group that died of abnormal deaths also sometimes had a history of certain diseases; however, before they died of the disease, they were killed by their opponents and rivals. The lifespan of those rulers who died a natural death was longer than the second group. Ethical Considerations: In the process of conducting this research, while observing the principle of fidelity in the use of resources, non-scientific and biased analyzes have been refused. Conclusion: Out of 15 Seljuk sultans, 10 died due to various diseases. Colic with three cases, tuberculosis and fever with two cases each and other diseases with one case, caused the death of this group of kings. The average age of this group is 38 years and their average reign is 15. 3 years. Although two of the other five Seljuk sultans had a previous illness, all five were killed abnormally by their opponents. Three of them were poisoned by the claimants to power, and two others were killed by swords in battle with foreign opponents of the monarchy. The average age of this group was 36 years and their average reign was 9. 03 years.

Background and Aim: The "Treatise of Arais al-Jawahir va Nafais al-Atayyib" is a valuable treatise from the seventh century; AH has gained a considerable reputation among the scientific and technological treatises of its time. This treatise deals with stones, medicine, and tiling and contains various topics that differentiate from medical treatises. Given the importance of this issue and the lack of attention to the treatise's medical aspects, this study aims to introduce, analyze, infer, and classify medicine's generalities from this treatise. Materials and Methods: This study has used the library and documentary method to compare the "Arais" treatise with the most important stones and perfumes treatises, which were written before analyzing each section and inferred the findings. Findings: In both types of treatises, after introducing and mentioning the characteristics of stones and Perfumes, the medical properties are expressed based on the philosophy of nature and logic, which is the basis of traditional medicine. Folk medical beliefs are also a significant part of this treatise. Conclusion: According to the treatise's topics, three medical approaches can be understood based on evidence from the "Arais al-Jawahir" prescription; these three approaches are Healing based on traditional medicine, folk medicine beliefs, and the Therapeutic magical properties of stones, metals, and Perfumes. The coordination of these approaches using stones is another result of this research.

Background and Aim: Despite the introduction of new medical and therapeutic methods in the Qajar period's medical history, traditional medicine continued to live alongside it, and various groups in this period dealt with medical and therapeutic matters. One of these groups active in health and treatment provided medical services based on prayer, remembrance, spells, and superstitions. This study aims to investigate the medical and therapeutic function of various types of prayers and dhikr in the Qajar period. In this regard, this study seeks to answer the following question: To what extent and in what form was the role of supplication and dhikr in the folk medicine of the Qajar period? Materials and Methods: This research's statistical population includes historical books, medical history, and travelogues of the Qajar period. This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and by collecting research files from library sources. Findings: Therapeutic methods based on the use of prayer and dhikr have been common in Qajar medicine, and prayers and dhikr have been used to treat, cure and even prevent various infectious and non-communicable diseases. This has not been limited to the common class but has also been used among courtiers and property classes. Conclusion: This study shows that during the Qajar period, prayer writers were one of the traditional treatment groups. They used various prayer and remembrance methods to treat various mental and physical ailments. And this group was also accepted by the general public. Reasons for their acceptance include poverty, lack of government medical services, the infancy of modern medical practices, lack of trust in Western physicians, worldviews, and people's destiny. Of course, the scope of activities and treatment methods of prayer writers and supplicants are harmed, such as the spread of infectious and dangerous diseases due to gathering in religious and respected places, not paying attention to health orders due to destiny, the prevalence of determinism. They were wasting people's money by deceiving sellers of spells.

Background and Aim: The need to preserve social health requires that the criminal aspects of economic corruption in the health sector, particularly the supply of goods, be considered more by legislators than ever before. Production of transgenic products requires manipulations and technical interventions, so these changes have had various effects such as causing allergic reactions, the toxicity of transgenic foods, problems in the reproduction and fertility and growth of infants, and the development of cancerous tumors. He question that arises is: In the contemporary Iranian legal system, which of the criminal titles is applicable to the responsibility of producers and suppliers of illicit transgenic products? Materials and Methods: The type of study is a review, the sources used include legal and medical books, articles, and research related to the research topic that has been reviewed in a descriptive – analytical manner. Findings: In the Iranian legal system, various laws have been criminalized to prevent and deal with threats to the country's social and food health and to maintain the economic system in the field of health, public order, and food security, criminalizing the behavior of producers of products opposed to public health. However, none of these laws explicitly criminalize issues related to unauthorized transgenics' production or supply and in order to identify the criminal liability of producers and suppliers of illicit transgenic products, it must be adapted to other criminal titles related to the protection of the health sector. Concluseion: the criminal titles of "Corruption on Earth", "Food, Beverage and Cosmetics Law", "Causing Damage", "Action against Public Health", and "Law on Governmental Punishments in Health and Medical Affairs", as the case may be, can be applied to the behavior of producers and suppliers of illicit transgenic products and In this way, the criminal responsibility of the mentioned persons can be explained in the Iranian legal system.

Background and Aim: Farid al-Din Mohammad Neyshaburi (1146-1221 AD) known as Attar, is a pharmacist and Iranian poet in the 6th and 7th centuries AH. Attari meant a set of activities related to medicine including pharmacy, selling medicine and treatment. The purpose of this study is to introduce Attar as a physician and pharmacist and the effects of these sciences on his works. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-historical study based on library resources. By referring to the compilations of Attar and using the keywords Attar Neyshaburi, poet of physician and poet of pharmacist the desired materials were collected and presented after analysis. Findings: The use of words related to medicine and treatment in the works of Attar indicates his interest in pharmacy and medicine along with writing poems. Some great people have introduced Attar as greatness man in their works. The title of Attar has been attributed to him because he had a large pharmacy, made and sold medicine and treated patients. Ethical Considerations: This research has been done only by relying on library resources and the principle of fidelity and honesty of citing the used texts, the originality of the sources and avoiding bias in referring to texts or analyzes have been observed. Conclusion: Attar is one of the poets who has had enough information about the pharmaceutical knowledge of his time and knew the medicinal plants well. Therefore, we can consider him as a poet of pharmacy who is the pioneer in the phytotherapy. However, his name is not mentioned in the list of Iranian physicians but it is suggested that more research can be done on his poetic and prose works getting to know better of the high position of this great poet.

Background and Aim: Women have a direct impact on the development of society. The development of science and knowledge in the field of health and also the presence of women in various social fields from the constitution onwards is evidence of the rising level of public health in society. Many women's magazines published after the Constitutional Revolution paid special attention to women's health. One of these magazines is "Women's World", which devoted most of its articles to women's and children's health. There was a need for independent research in the field of women's health in journals. Materials and Methods: By reviewing the articles of "Women World" magazine from 1305 to 1311 A. D., out of the total number of published articles, 69 articles on women's health and related issues are presented in Table 1, by subject, author and date. This study, with a historical perspective and with the help of library resources and review of journal articles, intends to study the role of these articles in promoting the level of women's public health by descriptive-analytical method. Findings: Based on the studies in the articles, both physical and mental health have been taught to women and by bringing a sample of successful women, it has encouraged them to deal scientifically and correctly with their health and health issues, including children's health and home affairs. Ethical Considerations: The authors of this study have observed the principle of fidelity in the referral. Conclusion: Women's acceptance of the magazine and the increase in the number of articles written by women themselves, as well as the progress of society, life expectancy, reducing the number of infectious diseases and infant mortality all confirm this fact.

Background and Aim: The "Mummia" is a mineral that has been used medicinally in Iran for a long time and was mostly used in the treatment of bone fractures and wounds. Research has been done on its therapeutic applications in modern medicine, but no research has been done on naming, type and composition, origin, mines, trade, folk beliefs, and the historical therapeutic application of the" Mummia. " This research tries to deal with all these cases in a historical process to clarify this material's nature and remove ambiguities about it. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study examined all aspects of "Mummia" in Iran, and in addition to library resources, the latest Articles and the results of new scientific experiments were reviewed. Findings: The findings show that the " Mummia " is an Iranian name and the Iranian " Mummia " was of high quality and at some times was one of Iran's export products. Most of its mines were located in the southern part of Iran, especially in Fars. This substance was a costly commodity and was used to treat most diseases, especially fractures, contusions, wounds, etc., and was considered a miracle medicine by the people. Conclusion: New scientific experiments have proved some therapeutic. Uses of "Mummia" in the treatment of fractures and wounds, gastrointestinal problems, and breast cancer, but in a general conclusion, it should be said that its therapeutic properties were greatly exaggerated in the past.

Background and Aim: Bleeding is the outflow of blood from the circulatory system that can occur normally and abnormally. Severe and acute bleeding due to the loss of large volumes of blood followed by hypovolemic shock is one of the most common causes of death. Persian Medicine also believes that bleeding causes many complications, including loss of strength and weakness, to which it is very important to pay attention. The aim of this study was to identify the causes of bleeding in Persian medicine. Materials and Methods: In this review study, the materials related to the types of nazf al-dam, including the definition and causes of it in the reference books of Persian medicine like Al-Qanun fi al-Tebb, Exir Azam and the "Noor" software were studied. In conventional medicine sources, the word "bleeding" was searched from Harrison's book 2018 and authoritative database Like Google Scholar, Up to Date, Pubmed. Findings: Bleeding is divided into natural and abnormal types in the basics of Persian medicine. Abnormal bleeding, also known as "nazf al-dam", has three main causes: vascular causes, blood causes, extra-vascular causes, and blood causes; Vascular causes cause bleeding in three ways: dissection, rupture, and opening of the arteries. Blood causes also cause bleeding by changing the quantity and quality of the blood. Ethical Considerations: In compiling this research, the principle of fidelity and honesty of citing the texts, the originality of the sources and avoiding bias in referring to the texts or analyzes have been observed. Conclusion: Examination of bleeding of various organs in Persian medical textbooks indicates that changes in blood vessels or blood can cause bleeding. All of these changes eventually lead to bleeding by rupturing or opening the fenestrations or discharge of vessels. An analysis of the comprehensive approach of the sages to the discussion of bleeding and its causes can pave the way for using the capacities of Persian medicine in the prevention and control of bleeding along with conventional medicine.

Background and Aim: Qajar period coincided with widespread relationships between Iran and foreign countries. Thus, this change made suitable conditions for commuting of foreign tourists. The tourists recorded their observations and experiences about common illness and their treatment, which helped to acknowledge that period's medical history. Those records suggested cataracts as one of the common illnesses in the old population and harmed their eye lens. This research studies the prevalence of such an illness and its treatment regarding those records. Materials and Methods: The Qajar period's important foreign travelogues were analyzed by descriptive-analytic method for this research. Findings: Different purposes and motivations did the tourists' journeys during the Qajar period. These tourists offered helpful and detailed reports about every aspect of their social life with their curiosity and particular spirit. The degrees of infection and the treatments were reflected in the tourists' works. These tourists shed light on the spread of this illness in society and gave the modern findings to the Iranian doctors. Results: Cataract was a common illness in the Qajar period. This illness was common in the regions such as Isfahan, Tehran, Mazandaran, and Urmia. Persian ophthalmologists and foreign doctors treated this illness. The Persian ophthalmologists were somehow skillful in treating cataracts, but the methods were not satisfactory. In return, the European doctors had an undeniable role in treating the individuals who were victims of cataracts by adopting new surgery techniques using facilities of medical centers of religious missions.

Background and Aim: The Red Lion and Sun played an important role in treating diseases by establishing health centers. The Red Lion and Sun population was the first and largest charitable society in Iran, Which was responsible for many important tasks in matters related to relief in fortuitous and relief events, establishing hospitals and clinics, providing medicine and medical equipment, training nurses, caring for orphans, providing special programs for young people and some developmental activities inside and outside the country. One of the most important and first activities of the Red Lion and Sun in the first and second Pahlavi period was the construction and operation of medical centers and hospitals in different cities and towns. These measures did not follow a specific policy, and with the establishment of the Lion and Sun Society in the provincial capitals, the construction of the hospital began with the help of urban nobles, business people and charities. Materials and Methods: Using the descriptive-analytical method and using historical and archival sources, this research seeks to find the answer to the role of the lion and the sun in establishing modern medical and health centers in the first Pahlavi period. Findings: Red Lion and Sun population by creating mobile medical teams and complete equipment in all accidents and land and celestial disasters (earthquake-flood) with very valuable and important helps, It saved the lives of thousands of our compatriots from immediate danger, death and misery. Concluseion: It seems that the Red Lion and Sun Society helped prevent the spread of diseases by setting up medical and health centers and paving the way for the establishment of hospitals and medical centers by setting up the Lion and Sun centers.

Background and Aim: Anatomy is one of the most important topics in the history of medicine in all eras, especially in the era of Islamic civilization. During this period, Muslim physicians have written various works on the science of anatomy. Accordingly in recent years several studies have been conducted in connection with the evolution of anatomical knowledge in the Islamic period. The purpose of this study is to introduce and critique the article "Dissection of bones in the medical works of the Islamic period; a comparative study of Tib-al-Maleki by Ahwazi and Qanoon by Avicenna written by Fahimeh Mokhber Dezfuli. Materials and Methods: This research is an analytical-critical study that uses library resources and after introducing the article, evaluates it in terms of form, content and method. Findings: The article has a fluent and cohesive writing and indicates the author's efforts to prove the sufficient mastery of Iranian Muslim physicians over the science of anatomy. Improper referrals and spelling errors are seen in the structure of the article. Also, the incompleteness of the research background, the determination of the unlikely goal, the lack of sufficient coverage of the historical subject and the lack of accurate expression of the skull description in Qanoon can be considered as content critiques. Concluseion: The main results of this study show that the article, despite being able to open new categories for researchers in the history of medicine by comparison of the description section of two valuable books of Iranian medicine but has several problems in terms of structure, content and method. Therefore it is expected that due to the importance of criticism in scientific research and according to the analysis done in the article, the author can publish a significant work in future research by eliminating the mentioned weaknesses and shortcomings.

Background and Aim: The medical career in Hamedan has been under the control of the Jews from ancient times. They have attained mastery in this science, and together with Muslims, they could play an important role in this city. Given the limitations of religious minorities in Islamic society, it seems that turning Jews to the medical profession has been a way out of the current situation and promoting their position to meet the needs of Islamic society and be a factor in earning money. The present research aims to study the reasons for good Fortunes of Hamedan Jewish to the medical career and their role in medical development in this city from Qajar to the end of the Pahlavi eras. Considering that no independent research has been done in this field so far, the present research can pave the way for researchers in the history of medicine in response to mental unknowns in this field. Materials and Methods: This research, with historical attitude and with the aid of library resources and oral history, tries to express the reasons of Hamedan Jews referring to a medical career and their role in medical development through the analitic-descriptive methodology. This sectional study includes the late of Qajar pulling to the end of the second Pahlavi dynasty in Hamedan. One of this article's features is citing oral interviews with knowledgeable people in Hamedan. Findings: The studies show that medical science has been a subject deserving of attention among the Jews, especially Hamedan Jews, so they have been working in a place called the “ Door of Hakimkhane” from the early times they have transferred it to the next generations. Conclusion: The reasons of entering into the medical career require acting to religious doctrine and communicating with Muslim community. The results or research show that Torah's advice based on keeping body healt has been useful in choosing a medical career. Due to their coexistence with Muslims and having some restrictions throughout this city's history by choosing the medical profession, they intended to be safe from any harm and improve their social status among Muslims. By establishing Alliance school and clinic next to it, Hamedan Jews have taken a long step in improving their temporary medical career in Hamedan. In fact, they were the mediators for the transition from the traditional method of medicine to modern medicine and the founder of the new method of medicine in Hamedan, because the first academic students in the field of medicine in Hamedan were Jews.

Background and Aim: From the third to the sixth centuries, Islamic science history was known as the "golden age of Islamic medicine. " During this period, there were great medical practitioners, including: “ Ibn Rabban Tabari” , “ Abu Mansour Heravi” , “ Akhavaini” , “ Razes” , “ Avicenna” , “ Meysari” , “ Jorjani” and. . . Through their research and valuable works, they translated the fertility of Islamic medicine into a tropical tree, shadowed for many centuries on most medical and medical fields of the East and West. The purpose of this study was to determine the most important causes and complications of bladder diseases and treatment orders based on five medical index books from the third to the sixth century: “ Ferdows al Hekmat” , “ Alhavi” , “ Daneshnameh Manzoum” , “ Qanoon” & “ Zakhireh Kharazmshahi” . The writer's searches in the literature show that the present study is not in this form and way. Materials and Methods: In the field of medicine and medical effects, the high-ranking authors of these scientists, while completing the findings of the early Greek physicians, Syriac, Hindi, and many other addicts in the field of prevention, pharmacology and clinical studies have presented the world of medicine that deserve attention Is abundant. One of the most important and important areas in traditional medicine is the topic of bladder and urogenital diseases; such as drinking unhealthy water, infectious diseases, the onset of the century and so on, blow and fall, rock formation, and. . ., Is one of the common causes of bladder and urinary tract that is mentioned in medical literature. Findings: in the medical literature, the main types of bladder diseases, symptoms of each complication and the correct treatment are expressed. Ethical Considerations: The authors of this study have observed the principle of fidelity in the referral. Conclusion: The results of the research show that the authors have tried to suggest appropriate therapeutic approaches by examining the views of the early physicians, along with their clinical observations.

Background and Aim: From the medical point of view, one of the most important factors affecting ambient air quality and human health is the geographical situation, and to locate the habitat, natural environment factors have been considered as a factor affecting climate and population. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting climate change in the region, the recommendations of traditional medicine for locating and determining the boundaries of the seven climates from the perspective of traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: This study is qualitative research based on the analytical-descriptive method and based on reliable library documents and sources. The meaning of climate change in medicine is stated, and then the influential factors in climate change and location, using historical sources such as law, Khwarezmshahi reserve, fun hearts, and comprehensive software of traditional medicine version 1. 5 studied Is located. Findings: environmental components have caused changing of the natural affairs continuum by affecting two essential principles of the six traditional medicine principles, i. e., air and mental states, and by disrupting or balancing the body affects human health So that all environmental factors and elements, due to their specific temperament, affect the organs, temperament, and behavior of individuals and by affecting the equilibrium of the human body and the psyche, they change the actions that are the ultimate goal and the ultimate chain of natural affairs. Conclusion: it seems that physicians have considered architecture a function of climate-friendly architecture regarding the climatic layer. Also, among the influential factors in locating, wind factor as a mediating factor directly influences other factors, and it seems the wind element plays a more significant role than other factors. Therefore, considering the geography of medicine from the traditional perspective can play a positive role in choosing the place of residence and construction of the building and help create a Health-Based environment.

Background and Aim: Baghdad has been one of the important cities of Islamic civilization built during Mansour Abbasid's time and has been the Abbasids' capital for several centuries. The city has had problems in environmental structure, which has played a significant role in spreading pathogens and mortality in the city. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Baghdad's environmental structure and pathogens and its impact on mortality in this city. Materials and Methods: The primary materials of this research are first-hand sources of Islamic history, which include historical sources, geographical books, and medical history texts. New research on the Abbasids' social situation has also been used in articles. Research method in this research. It is historical-analytical; Data collection is done by library method. Findings: It seems that Baghdad's geographical location has not always been the cause of prosperity and growth of agriculture and prosperity, but the environmental structure of the city, such as weather conditions in the spread of pathogens and human casualties of residents of the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Conclusion: In this article, we examine the impact of Baghdad's environmental structure in the first Abbasid period. First, the geographical importance of medicine has been stated; then, we have studied and analyzed the role of Baghdad's environmental structure in the spread of diseases and the factor that caused human casualties in the Abbasid period.