Applied Agricultural Research
Year:2014 | Volume:- | Issue:104|Papers Count:17

Anther culture application and haploid plant production for releasing new varieties have led to shorten plant breeding cycle. Colchicine is one of the most important materials for doubling chromosomes set and doubled haploid production.The main purpose of this study was to determinate the best colchicine concenteration for doubling rice chromosomes. For this purpose, two pollen-drived haploid plantlets of two hybrid rice (GRH1 and IR69) at the booting stage were selected to treat with colchicine in three concenteration levels (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 g/l) and three time treatments (8, 12, 18h). The experiment carried out as a factorial experiment complete block design in three replications. Results showed thatplantlet percentage of doubled haploid tillers in GRH1 were significantly more than IR69 (53.33 and 45.59 respectively). Also the most percentage of plantlets with double haploid tillers were in 0.1g/l and the minimum of them were in 0.05 g/l (53.33 and 37.77 respectively). The best e time treatment was 12 hours (86.889). In 0.1 g/l concenteration level and 12 hours had the most percentage of plantlets with doubled haploid tillers.

In order to study yield and yield components of wheat genotyps (Bahar, Pishtaz, Chamran) under the five plant densities (225, 300, 375, 450, and 500 plants per square meter) a split plot design as base of complete randomize block design with four replications was conducted at agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Khorramabad 2006-2007. The results showed that thousand kernel weight seed yield of Chamran was superior for leaf area index, plant height and biological yield. Pishtaz produced the highest seed per spike. Plant densities had significant effect on decreases of plant height and increases of leaf area index, number of spike per unit, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. Seed yield had positive regression with number of spike m2, thousand kernel weight and negative regression with plant height .Results showed that Bahar with optimum plant density (450 plants per square meter), produced the highest seed yield than other genotypes.

This experiment was carried out to evoluate the allopathic effects of barely aqueous extracts on germination and seedling electrical leakage ofLolium multif and Avena ludoviciana. The experimental arrangement was factorial included 4 level of aqueous extract concentration of barley (0, 4, 8 and 12 %) and 2 weed seed (Lolium spp and Avena ludoviciana) with 4 replications. Results showed increasing the concentration of barley extracts, decreased seedling dry weight and shoot length inLolium spp and Avena ludoviciana. Increasing the concentration of barley extracts, increased MDA concentration and seedling electrical leakage inLolium spp and Avena ludoviciana seedling. In highest aqueous extracts of barley, highest seedling electrical leakage (52%) and lowest seedling dry weight (0/28) obtained fromLolium spp seedling.

To investigate the relationship between yield and its components in wheat under non-stress and drought stress conditions an experiment was conducted in on Agricultural Research Station at Bahonar University of Kerman. Experimental trial was split-plot (non-stress and drought stress as main plots and 15 cultivars as sub-plots) in randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were relative water content, yield and its components (number of spikes per m2, number of grain per spike and 1000 grain weight), biological yield and harvest index. The results showed that the effects of drought and cultivar were significant on all traits, and drought stress decreases all traits.Correlation coefficients between grain yield and harvest index under both conditions was positive and highly significant.Correlations of harvest index with the number of spikes per m2, number of grains per spike and 1000 grain weight under drought stress, were significant. However, under non-stress condition was non-significant. Correlation between 1000 grain weight and grain number per spike was significant under drought stress and was not significant under non-stress conditions. Under drought stress and non stress conditions, the correlation between 1000 grain weight and grain yield was positive and significant. Correlation coefficient between grain yield and relative water content under non-stress condition was not significant; however under stress condition was significant. Based on path analysis, under stress and non stress conditions, harvest index had the highest and positive direct effect on grain yield. Under non-stress condition number of spike per m2 and under stress condition number of grains per spike had the highest direct effect. The number of spikes per m2 via by the number of grains per spike had the highest indirect negative effect under non-stress condition.Under stress condition, the 1000 grain weight by harvest index had the highest indirect negative effects. Therefore, it is possible to achieve optimum yield in non-stress condition through harvest index, spikes per m2 and grain per spike and under stress condition, harvest index and number of grain per spike can increase grain yield.

Planting pattern and plant density affect growth characteristics and yield of sunflower via changes in space available for growth of each plant. To evaluate these effects in sunflower cv., Hisun-36 hybrid, an experiment was conducted in the spring 2006 at The Agricultural Research Station, Isfahan University of Technology, using a split-plot layout within a randomized complete block design with three replications. Row distance (60 and 75 cm) was the main plot and plant distances over the row (12, 14, 16, and 18 cm) were the sub-plots. Plant height and stem diameter were significantly increased, as row distance increased. Dry weights of stem and leaves per unit area, seed and biological yield per unit area and harvest index were decreased as row distance increased, but these decreases were only significant for dry weight of leaves and seed yield per unit area and harvest index. Stem diameter and head diameter were significantly reduced and plant height was significantly increased as planting distance decreased. Dry weights of stem and leaves per unit area were significantly increased, but seed yield per unit area and harvest index were significantly reduced as planting distance decreased. The results obtained in this experiment indicate that the combination of 60 cm row distance and 14 cm between plants (11.9 plants m- 2) might be suitable for production Hisun-36 hybrid under the conditions similar to this study.

Intercropping is a beneficial farming system to intensify and sustain farm productivity. In order to evaluate forage production of maize and seed yield of bean in maize/bean (maize var 704 and bean var Goli) intercropping, a field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Tehran University during 2006. Sowing dates of plants with three levels, simultaneous sowing for both plants, 20 day delay in sowing of bean and 20 day delay in sowing of maize were arranged in main plots. The five planting ratios (100/0), (66.7/33.3), (50/50), (33.3/66.7) and (0/100) were the percentage of bean/maize arranged in subplots. Results showed that the bean seed yield / plant and bean pot number / plant were affected by interaction of sowing date and planting pattern. Delay cropping of bean in maize under planting ratio of 66.7/33.3 of bean/maize produced the highest dry weight of maize among intercropping treatment. Pure maize had the highest plant height and produced maximum dry weight /ha. The highest pod number per plant, yield per plant and hectare, and the lowest seed number per pod were observed in pure bean. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER), 1.14, showed that 20 day delay in sowing of maize with density ratio of 66.7/33.3 bean/maize was the most efficient intercropping treatment for yield increase.

Quality of produce is as much important as quantity in all stages of life and particularly in direct consumption of commodities. In order to evaluate some rice grain physicochemical properties in different irrigation regimes in two varieties (Tarrom and Shiroodi), a field experiment was carried out on randomized complete block design at rice research institute of Mazandaran in 2010. Treatments includes five irrigation regimes, viz., T1: permanent flooding with 3-5cm height throughout growing season, T2: irrigation with 5cm height after disappearing water from soil surface, T3: irrigation with 5cm height 2 day after disappearing water from soil surface, T4: irrigation with 5cm height 5 day after disappearing water from soil surface and T5: permanent saturation during growth period, with three replication.In each treatment, yield and some grain quality parameters were measured. The statistical analysis showed that, there was a significant differences in yield between treatments (α<0.01), with highest yield in continuously flooded treatment, 4210kg/ha and 6799.7 kg/ha in Tarom and Shiroodi, respectively. There were significant differences in grain hardness, broken rice percentage, elongation ratio, elongation after cooking, Amylose content and Gel consistency in different irrigation levels. Based on the results of the different irrigation methods, the best grain hardness amount (13.1 Nioton) and reduced broken rice percentage (15 %) in Tarrom variety were obtained by the permanent flooding method, but for Shiroodi variety, the best grain hardness amount (17.8 Nioton) and reduced broken rice percentage (19.5 %) were gained by the permanent saturation method.

In this study 512 wheat accessions and three cultivars, named Kavir, Roshan, Mahooti (as check varieties) were evaluatedin a field experiment of National Plant Gene Bank of Iran (NPGBI) during 2009-2010, using augmented design in 16 block, in which each block contained 35 samples. Agronomical, morphological and phenological characters such as germination percentage, days to heading, days to flowering, days to maturity, days from heading to maturity, days from flowering to maturity (duration of grain filling), plant height, spike length, stem thickness, number of nodes, spike density, awn of spike, glume color, glume hairiness, number of spikelets/spike, number of flowers/spikelet, number of seeds/spike, hundred seeds weight, seed weight of 5 spikes and seed weight/ plot were evaluated according to IPGRI descriptors. Results of descriptive statistics for quantitative traits revealed the most value of coefficient of variation (CV) on seed weight / plot (30%) and seed weight of 5 spikes (23%), respectively. Minimum value of CV was detected for phenological traits such as days to maturity (2%), days to heading (3%) and days to flowering (3%), respectively. Results of Shannon index for qualitative traits revealed the most variation on awnletted of spike (H0.92=') and minimum variation was observed on glume hairiness (H0.37='). The strongest correlation with seed weight/ plot were observed with plant height (r=0.23**) and hundred seed weight (r=0.23**), respectively. Number of seeds/spike and hundred seed weight, explained 95.2 percentage variation of seed weight on 5 spikes in stepwise regression analysis. Path analysis revealed that direct effects of seed number /spike and hundred seed weight on seed weight on 5 spikes were 0.77 and 0.66, respectively. Factor analysis according to principal components analysis and varimax rotation revealed that overall 74.1% of total variation could be explained by 5 factors. Cluster analysis by Ward method grouped the germplasms from 21 countries in three clusters.

To study the effect of different fertilizing systems on the seed yield and phosphorous absorption in annual medic (var.Robinson), an experiment was conducted based on a complete randomized blocks design with three replications in two locations in Kermanshah province, Iran. The treatments consisted of Control (no fertilizer application), Chemical fertilizer (urea chemical fertilizer+triple superphosphate fertilizer), Urea chemical fertilizer+phosphorous solubilizing bacteria, urea chemical fertilizer+mycorrhiza, Urea chemical fertilizer+phosphorous solubilizing bacteria+mycorrhiza, Nitrogen fixing bacteria+triple superphosphate fertilizer, Nitrogen fixing bacteria+phosphorous solubilizing bacteria, Nitrogen fixing bacteria+mycorrhiza, Nitrogen fixing bacteria+phosphorous solubilizing bacteria+mycorrhiza. The results of this research showed that under the conditions of this experiment The highest content Phosphorus content in pods (0.47 %) and Soil seed bank (838 pods/m²) was found in treatment T6 (nitrogen-fixing bacteria+phosphorussolubilizing bacteria). The highest content Phosphorus content in pods (0.47 %) and Soil seed bank (838 pods/m²) was found in treatment T6 (nitrogen-fixing bacteria+phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria). It seems that inoculation annual medic var. Robinson withnitrogen fixing+phosphorous solubilizing bacteria,, indicating the synergistic interaction between these groups of bacteria to increase, soil seed bank as well as seed phosphorous content of annual medic var.Robison was found in control treatment.

There are a lot of evidence on the effects of potassium and Zinc to increase wheat yield and improving seed quality and reducing of cadmium uptake by plant. An investigation carried out to study the effects of these two elements in the process of Cd uptake by wheat and effects of these elements in other growth parameters. The statistical design was split plot with three main factors (without potassium, potassium consumption based on soil test potassium and potassium consumption tow time more than soil test potassium) and four sub plots (control Zn, soil Zn consumption, foliar Zn application and, Zn in Soil and consumption combined with foliar application).The experiment was done in a wheat field in southern of Tehran, which many years were irrigated with wastewater. The results of experiment showed that the main effects (potassium effects) on grain yield, straw yield, spike length, number of grains per panicle and grain weight is significant. The above characteristics increased by use of potassium based on soil test recommendation significantly and extra use of potassium did not any effects on these parameters. Secondary effects (Zn) on the above traits were significant. Grain yield, straw yield and grain weight were not affected by different methods of Zn application, but combined use of Zn as soil application and foliar, produced the greatest amount of panicle length and number of seeds per ear.The main effects of zinc and potassium was significant on the concentration of mean grain cadmium.Consumption of these elements significantly reduced grain cadmium concentration. Use of potassium tow time more than soil test recommendation was the highest decrease in cadmium concentration by 34 percent. Use of Zn in soil combined with foliar application was the highest effects on seed cadmium decrease by 17.8 percent in compare to other method. The concentration of cadmium in seed was affected by Potassium and Zinc interaction and decrease significantly. Use of potassium tow time more than soil test recommendation and Use of Zn in soil combined with foliar application decreased seed cadmium concentration by 48.6 percent significantly. Data also showed that there were a significant correlations between seed potassium and seed zinc concentration and the amount of seed grain cadmium with the quadratic equation, so with increasing concentrations of potassium or zinc, cadmium concentrations of grain declined. On the whole, to reach maximum yield with minimum grain cadmium concentration, Use of potassium tow time more than soil test recommendation and use of Zn in soil combined with foliar application, eventually in lands the same place of research experiment, was recommended.

In order to study the role of grass pea (Latyrus sativus) and common vetch (Vicia sativa) as cover crop on the weed control and recycling of wheat grain falls as green manure during summer fallow situations an experiment was carried out using a layout of RCBD in 6 replications at Kheir - Aabad research station of Zanjan during three growing seasons. A treatment with no cover crop was considered as control. Combined analysis of data revealed that there were significant differences between the two crops in terms of mean yield of total dry matter, nitrogen yield and dry weight of weeds at 1% probability. Maximum and minimum amount of total dry matter were obtained from grass pea and control treatments, respectively. Biomass of weeds in control was 52 and 59 % more than the grass pea and vetch. There were no significant differences among the treatments when weight of dry green wheat was considered. Conclusion of the results confirms that planting of grass pea or vetch as second crop under summer fallow controls summer weeds and recycles the wheat grains falls, properly.

Seed priming caused to increase germination rate, seedling growth vigor and better stability that accompany with optimal planting date would had positive effect on yield. This research was carried out in order to study the effect of planting date and seed priming on yield, yield components and quality and quantity traits on forage sorghum Speedfeed hybrid variety. The experiment was carried as factorial based on randomizes complete blocks design with three replications.The first factor was planting date including (3 July, 13 July and 23 July) and second factor was seed priming including GA, Hydro-priming, PEG and Control treatments. The results showed that there had strong significantly different in 1 percent probability about fresh forage yield, dry forage yield, plant height, tiller number, leaf area, leaf per plant number, dry leaf weight, dry stem weight, crude protein percentage and nitrogen percentage traits, but this difference was not significant for diameter stem, fresh stem weight, fresh leaf weight and ash percentage traits. For different levels of seed priming were observed significantly different in relation to dry forage yield, fresh forage yield, plant height, tiller numbers, leaf area, leaf per plant number, dry leaf weight, dry stem weight, crud protein percent and nitrogen percent traits. In among of different treatments of seed priming, GA and Hydro-Priming had the best effects on mentioned traits.In relation to interaction effects (Priming×Planting Date) also there had significantly different statically in 1 percentage probability in dry forage yield, fresh forage yield, plant height, tiller numbers, leaf area, leaf per plant number, dry leaf weight, dry stem weight, crud protein percent and nitrogen percent that showing different behavior of different planting dates on different levels about mentioned traits.

Agriculture is regarded as one of the most fundamental economical basis in our country, hence estimating the amount of crops is highly regarded. In this study, estimating the amount of wheat stubble and its energy have been assessed using satellite images. SPOT images were employed to estimate the wheat farms in Hamedan and Bahar area (Hamedan province) during the harvesting time and peak of greenness. The wheat farms were then extracted based on the wheat index derived from green and red bands after pre-processing. Four different vegetation indices, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Simple Ratio (SR), the Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) and the Soil Adjust Vegetation Index (SAVI) were evaluated after images pre-processing. The procedure followed by sampling. Wheat farms were extracted using similar bands.OLS and GWR were employed to estimate the biomass based on NDVI index and the results indicated an improvement of GWR over OLS based on AIC and criteria. The results of AICc for SAVI in fixed and adaptive kernel bandwidth were estimated 614.7 and 615.7 respectively and for NDVI equal to 615.1 and 615.6.The results also indicated the value for both SAVI and NDVI in fixed and adaptive kernel bandwidth equal to 0.71 and 0.70 respectively. The results also revealed the significant non-stationary state in relationships.

In order to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on morphological traits and grain yield of maize (S.C.704) at different levels of biofertilizers, the experiment was conducted at the research farm faculty of agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University during 2010. The factorial design of the study comprised of randomized complete block with three replications. Nitrogen treatments were include five levels: A1 (8 tons/ha organic fertilizer), A2 (6 tons/ha organic fertilizer+46 kg/ha nitrogen), A3 (4 tons/ha organic fertilizer+92 kg/ ha nitrogen), A4 (2 tons/ha organic fertilizer+138 kg/ha nitrogen) and A5 (184 kg/ha nitrogen) and biofertilizer (nitrogen fixation bacteria includeAzotobacter and Azospirillium) at two levels included: B1 (inoculation)) and B2 (non-inoculation).The results showed that highest leaf area index (7.77) and grain yield (10 ton/ha) belong to A3 treatment. In seeds inoculated with biofertilizer (B1) amount of leaf area index, seed yield and harvest index was obtained 7.75, 9.78 tonha-1, and 44/10 percent, respectively. Based on the obtained results, A3 treatment is appropriate for recommendation.

Seed priming is a very simple method that ends in better germination and establishment of seedling. One of the priming methods, is biophysical methods. Treating seeds by ultrasound waves and magnetic field are among the biophysical methods. With proven the medicinal effects of ajowan (Curum copticum), production and processing of the plant species in the world has a special importance. In order to study the effects of ultrasound waves and magnetic field on growth and yield of ajowan in the field conditions, increasing the percentage and speed of seed germination, increasing resistance of seedlings, and increasing resistance to environmental stresses such as drought, cold, heat, and increasing resistance to diseases and pests, the research was carried out at the University of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Ramin during 1388-89. Seeds were two times treated with Ultrasound 22 KHz frequency, 2 and 5 min (U2, U3) and treatment related to the 5000 gauss magnetic field intensity in three different times, 15, 30, 45 (M2, M3& M4) at a temperature of 30oc was applied. Control treatment was also considered. Factorial experiment in Randomized complete blocks design with four replications was carried out. The results showed that, with treatments applied magnetic field and ultrasonic wave, vigure and germination of ajowan seeds improved. It seems that the magnetic field treatment at the time of 30 minutes, and in some cases 45 minutes with ultrasound waves treatment of 5 minutes had the greatest impact on the plants. Despite the high sensitivity of both plant diseases and pests, no trace of disease and pest found in field.

In order to evaluate the effect of seed inoculation withPseudomonas fluorescens and application of different levels of phosphorus on nutrient uptake, chlorophyll content and biological yield of two forage barley cultivars (Bahman and Fasih), a field experiment carried out in Fuman city from Guilan province. The experimental design consisted of factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design in three replications. Integrated fertilizer treatments consisted the application of %100 triple super phosphate fertilizer+seed inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 103, %75 triple super phosphate fertilizer+seed inoculation, %50 triple super phosphate fertilizer+seed inoculation, seed inoculation with bacteria and without fertilizer (control). Plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll a and b, plant tissue P and Fe and biological yield were measured. The results showed that increasing phosphorus application increased plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll a and b, plant tissue P and biological yield significantly. The maximum of stem height, chlorophyll b, plant tissue P and biological yield obtained at seed inoculation+%100 triple super phosphate fertilizer. The maximum of stem diameter, plant tissue Fe and chlorophyll a observed at seed inoculation+%75 triple super phosphate fertilizer. Fasih had the highest of stem diameter, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in compared with Bahman. The results of this experiment showed that integrated application %75 chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer improved plant growth and had higher yield.

In order to evaluation of some growth indices of potato and safflower intercropping system in ardabil region, a spilit plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at research field of Mohagehge Ardabiliy university in 2009. Treatments compositoin were: 1: 0 (net culture potato, six plants per square meter), 1: 1 (with a density of 6 potato and 6 safflower plants per square meter), 2: 1 (with a density of 6 potato and 12 safflower plants per square meter) and 3: 1 (with a density of six potato and 18 safflower plants per square meter). Results showed that in case of safflower, with increasing of growing degree days (GDD), the total dry matterincreased initially and decreased over time. Also relative growth rate (RGR) was decrease at over time and was negative at the end of the growing season.Safflower relative growths rate decreased with time, and reaches zero and then became negative. With increasing safflower contribution at the intercropping tratments, dry matter and crop growth rate (CGR)demonstrated increasing trendand relative growth rate and leaf area index (LAI)) showed an deacreasing trend. In pur culture of potato with increasing GDD, total dry matter was increased. Also CGR and LAI initialy increased and then decrased. Also with incraseing GDD, relative growth rate was decreased at the pure culture of potato. The results indicate thattreatment compositoinof 3: 1 (with a density of six potato and 18 safflower plants per square meter) because of the high dry matter and high grotwth rate of canopy in too plants compared to other treatments may be appropriateat similar conditions of the present study.