SOCIAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN IRAN
Year:2021 | Volume:10 | Issue:1|Papers Count:10

Introduction Extramarital affair is generally kNown as a social issue due to the cultural conditions of Iran, the framework of relations between men and women and the extent of their relationship. By establishing an extramarital affair, social actors are somehow trying to fill the gaps in their marital relationship. In fact, several factors are related to each other and cause the pheNomeNon of extramarital affairs. Sometimes this process begins in childhood and accompanies a set of factors and conditions until marriage and leads to the occurrence of extramarital affair after marriage. Therefore, without identifying these multifaceted and multilevel processes, it will be difficult to understand the pheNomeNon of extramarital affairs. Research Method The present study, with a qualitative approach and the technique of narrative interviews, investigated and identified the processes of extramarital affair among men and women seeking divorce referred to the Khorasan Razavi Welfare Organization. In this study, 17 cases of narrative interviews (12 women and 5 men) were performed. Findings We obtained this study after obtaining seventeen narratives from men and women with extramarital affairs and divorce applicants whose reason for requesting separation was to establish an extramarital affair, drawing specific models for each of them and finally after placing the process models extracted from the interviews. On a more abstract level, there have been five process models. These process models are the result of the existence of similar patterns among the narrators of the interviewees, the combination of the drawn models, the abstraction and analysis of the narratives taken from the interviewees. The extracted processes include the aNomic conditions of the society, the child of the spouse, the couple's conflict in sexual culture, the conflicts in the marital relationship and the religious gap between the individual and the family. Conclusion The results of the study of the narratives taken from the participants showed that activists who face childhood prohibitions and compulsions from the family regarding their religious practices, gradually in adolescence and youth suffer from weak religious beliefs, Non-adherence to religious rules and Weak religious beliefs will also lead to personality-psychological problems such as low self-esteem, aggression and negative self-image. In addition, since Iranian society is in transition and there is No specific Norm in which to have an emotional and sexual relationship with the opposite sex during the past years, actors will practically experience an aNomaly in their relationships. In such a situation, due to the lack of a proper Norm, the influence of individuals from their reference groups and friends increases and they do Not find a specific Norm regarding relationships with the opposite sex. For this reason, everyone pursues only their own personal goals. It seems that people who grow up in such aNomic conditions and unrestricted relationships with the opposite sex, if they get married, will generally have a tendency to have free relationships and For this reason, they generally suffer from emotional gaps in their relationship with their spouse. In addition to this psychological distance between couples, quantitative and qualitative dissatisfaction with sex with their spouse can be further cause and lead the actor in the marital relationship to establish an extramarital affair. Also, according to the findings of the present study, in some cases, the criteria for choosing a spouse in women after marriage has changed due to the increase in education and employment, which has resulted in reluctance to spouse and emotional and sexual orientation to another. Finally, the next conflicting sexual culture is aNother process that can eventually lead to an extramarital affair. Experienced before marriage, this conflict in couples' sexual cultures provides the conditions for emotional, behavioral and sexual dissatisfaction of couples with each other.

Introduction The current article has studied the evolution of lovemaking patterns in human relationships. The fundamental changes in the social, economic, cultural and political dimensions of Iranian society in recent decades have led to a fundamental change in the patterns of lovemaking of individuals, even in its most intimate form. Significant changes have occurred in romantic relationships between individuals. The formation of riots and tensions between spouses, increasing divorce rates and the increasing prevalence of concepts such as understanding, mutual interest, emotional divorce, infidelity, polygamy, casual love, fleeting relationships, etc. indicate a change in the patterns of lovemaking that traditional practices of romantic relationships, Has faced a serious challenge. Method This research has been carried out qualitatively and the grounded theory method has been used as the research method. and the of data collection method was document study, depth exploratory interviews with 41 married people According to the theoretical sampling presented in Ardabil city awhose narratives had been analyzed in lovemaking. The validity of current study was reviewed and confirmed by the interviewees and then expert professors. To analyze the data, continuous comparison method was used during the open, axial and selective coding stage. The results of the research are analyzed based on five axes that are the main factor in the evolution and three processes of the lovemaking pattern. Finding The analysis indicate that factors of the spread of modernism, technology development, individualization, apostasy and increment of the level of education, as well as intervening factors of diversity and increment leisure and urbanization and the expansion of cyberspace on the core phenomenon of fragmentation of love and subsequent change in behavior and The evolution of lovemaking has affected and transformed the Iranian family and the formation of new forms of relationships. In the research process, 9 varius patterns of lovemaking were identified, which are: 1) Traditional lovemaking (behind the scenes, patriarchal) 2) Romantic lovemaking 3) Friendly lovemaking 4) Realistic lovemaking 5) Erotic lovemaking 6) Sacrific lovemaking 7) Pure lovemaking 8)Playful lovemaking And 9) Liquid lovemaking. Results & Conclusion Numerous causal, underlying and moderating factors have led to the evolution of lovemaking patterns in the study community. The evolution of the patterns of lovemaking is such that the more we move from the past and traditional and contemporary behaviors, the more romantic acts of fluidity, instability, multiplicity and diversity. Each of these patterns is represented by distinct features. In the traditional pattern of lovemaking, expressing love in public is considered ugly and shameful, far from chastity and even disrespectful, and romantic acts become an "extra-secret" act and are exiled to the social scene. Also, more obedient women are in fact submissive and a tool to meet the sexual needs of men. Romantic lovemaking is associated with romantic behaviors that are strongly expressed and appearance, appearance, beauty, mutual understanding are important, and sometimes one-sided sacrifices occur in this type of lovemaking pattern. Playful lovemaking is a clear manifestation of secrecy and dishonesty, and friendly lovemaking means the preference of friendship before marriage in the formation of lovemaking. Logical aspects such as job, morality and behavior of the individual and parents, being good and having inherited and cultural commonalities are important in realistic lovemaking. Erotic lovemaking emerges with the characteristics of lover focus on lover, sense of ownership over lover, and intense sexual need. Instead, sacrificing love is characterized by self-sacrifice for one's spouse, enduring hardships and pain for the sake of one's spouse. Prioritizing the emotional satisfaction of spouses, expressing interest through receiving gifts, direct expression of love and affection and a sympathetic attitude in the absence of mutual interest and other issues, are the distinctive features of pure lovemaking with other patterns. Finally, liquid lovemaking implies its hobby, the importance of money, the formation of playfulness in relationships, extramarital sex experiences, and the formation of unstable virtual relationships have shaped the new pattern of lovemaking. Numerous emotional and sexual relationships with different people, the importance of money and material in relationships, temporary and casual friendships, the dominance of virtual relationships, the development of extramarital relationships and the performance of love as a playful phenomenon show the formation of relationships. The figure has somehow caused the fragmentation of lovemaking and the consequent fundamental consequences, including the transformation of the family as well as the transformation of the social situation.

Introduction According to the principle of the necessity of criminal prosecution, upon the occurrence of a crime, the prosecutor, as the prosecuting authority, is obliged to prosecute the accused; but over time, society and public opinion have reduced their sensitivity to certain crimes and are reluctant to be prosecuted by the prosecutor. This can be due to the nature of some crimes, which, in principle, do not disturb the social order and security, or in the event of damage, the negative consequences of prosecuting crimes from the community point of view are far greater than prosecuting them. This situation compels the prosecutor to abandon the prosecution in the light of the principle of appropriateness or appropriateness of the criminal prosecution and to use the alternatives of the prosecution, such as the suspension of the prosecution, the filing of the case and criminal mediation; Because criminal law is a tool to achieve the goals of social policy, and consequently, social acceptability is the legitimacy of prosecution. In this case, the pursuit is expedient. In this article, we seek to examine how the prosecutor achieves public order and social security with expediency. Method The present research is a research article and the result of the author's studies and researches in the form of library documents. And after reviewing the contents related to the title of the article and the necessary filings, it has been compiled and arranged. Findings The findings of the study indicate that in the light of the expediency of the prosecutor and by observing the conditions, both the interests of individuals and the interests of society are provided. By preparing public opinion as well as regulating the pursuit of expediency, one can hope for the effective establishment of public order and social security. The objectives of the investigation are to examine the expediency of the prosecuting authority in relation to the establishment of public order and social security at the community level and to answer these questions. What is the relationship between the prosecutor's expediency in dealing with crimes in maintaining public order and social security? And finally, what is the authority of the prosecutor in assessing the expediency of criminal prosecution in relation to the establishment of public order and social security? Conclusion The main message of this research is how the prosecutor achieves public order and social security with expediency. The prosecuting authority does not make the prosecution commensurate with the mere consideration of an interest or benefit. Rather, in order to convince himself and justify the judicial action, by evaluating the values emphasized by the society, in some cases, it is possible to consider several benefits or interests of the victim / offender and the interests of the society separately or together; Then refrain from pursuing the accused; And may use other measures as an alternative to prosecution.

Introduction Increased accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities has intensified the level of global warming and its atmospheric system. One of the effective mechanisms and ensuring the continuation of sustainable actions to deal with global climate change is the development of new energy consumption habits. For this reason, the main goal of policy interventions is to create sustainable actions in optimizing energy consumption, especially fossil fuels, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in response to global climate change. To this end, the public has access to reliable sources of information. The problem with examining human responses to climate change is the denial or skepticism promoted by a group of opponents of climate change policies using misleading information sources. The present study is a review of the denial of global climate changes. The organized conservative movement, and especially its affiliated think tank, plays an important role in denying the reality and importance of man-made global warming. They are well aware that if citizens trust reliable scientific sources, they will receive the necessary information about environmental issues and responsible environmental behaviors, and many of their economic and political interests will be threatened and their position in the national or international arena will lose. In this paper, based on Palmand(1992) social risk assessment approach, the role of risk producers, risk researchers, risk arbitrator and risk informants in creating ambiguity and skepticism is investigated. Method The present study is a review of the denial of global climate change and is considered as a documentary study. The study addressed the following questions: What is environmental skepticism? Why science is used to cover environmental hazards. Documentary technique was used in the research literature section. Exploratory studies were conducted to expand the perspective and determine the scope of the research. Keywords for data collection were: environmental skepticism / social construction / risk producers. Access to the data included libraries, sites related to the publication of research works such as University Jihad, external sites such as Google Scholarship, and free search based on concepts such as environmental risks / science. Findings In the process of producing environmental skepticism, the role of four categories of factors should be considered, which are: 1. Producers of risk(Most companies prefer to keep their anti-environmental activities out of the public eye. Different levels of organizational governance and corporate coalitions and public policies resist public opposition. Hence, they form progressive groups to protect their interests. 2. Risk researchers: From the beginning of the denial of climate change, conservative industries and think tanks were aware of the importance of hiring their advocate scientists to make climate change uncertain. 3. Risk arbitrator: Conservatives usually support ideals such as individual liberty, private property rights, limited sovereignty, and the expansion of the free market, while Democrats, especially liberals, advocate for goals such as collective rights, market regulation to protect citizens' rights, quantity and quality of government social services and support for government intervention to protect the rights of vulnerable groups. 4. Risk informants: Media objectivity is an important issue as environmental issues change from being a status issue to a political issue. Owners of multinational industries and companies are constantly using the media, experts or scientists to prevent social change in attitudes towards global warming. Discussion As a result, environmental activists, scientists, and policymakers redouble their efforts to encourage environmental protection, but in the meantime such efforts faced with some oppositions, and the opponents used their sources to thwart international action to counter climate change by relying on its economic and political power. One of these barriers to generating environmental skepticism about occurrence is the escalation of a hazard. Therefore, trying to expose or legitimize an immediate environmental claim does not in itself guarantee that corrective action will be taken. Successful environmental claims must have powerful elements that ensure that they will not perish in a sea of apathy, irrelevance and skepticism. Six essential factors can be identified for the successful construction of an environmental problem: 1)The environmental issue must have the scientific authority and credibility of the claims; 2) Having one or more scientific promoters who can turn the fascinating and mysterious aspect of research into an environmental advocacy claim; 3) The environmental problem must be considered by the media, in which this claim seems both real and important; 4) A potential environmental issue must be magnified in objective and symbolic terms; 5) There must be economic incentives to take action on environmental issues; 6) Finally, in order for the environmental issue to be successfully and fully debated, it must have a supporter who guarantees both its legitimacy and continuity.

Introduction One of the actions that the management of higher education centers need to achieve its predetermined goals is to pay attention to increasing organizational health indicators in the workplace. Organizational health, which means an organization's competitiveness, efficiency, and adaptability to internal and external dynamics and employee morale, is one of the determinants of organizational effectiveness. Therefore, paying attention to it is one of the basic and primary issues related to human resource management at the highest levels. Given the importance and sensitivity of the university's work in the human resources education needed by the community, the importance of investigating the organizational health of this dynamic and growing institution becomes more prominent. This study investigates organizational health and its components in relation to organizational culture and mental health variables of Tabriz University staff. Method The research method was survey and the required data were collected using standard questionnaires of organizational health, organizational culture and mental health. In the present study, the validity of the questionnaire questions was estimated through face validity. The results of the reliability analysis of the research variables showed that Cronbach's alpha for the three variables of organizational health, organizational culture and mental health were 0. 89, 0. 97 and 0. 92, respectively, indicating that the items of each The three variables have good internal coherence and high reliability. The statistical population of the study is staff of Tabriz University, 182 of who were selected by simple random sampling. Finding The results show that the average organizational health in the range of 80 to 189 is 142/64 which indicates that the organizational health of the employees is at an average level. Also among the seven dimensions of organizational health, the dimension of construction with 74. 40 percent had the highest and the institutional unity dimension with 57. 66 percent had the lowest average value. The results of hypotheses test also show that there is a significant positive relationship between organizational health and organizational culture and its dimensions (except for attentional bias) but organizational health is not significantly correlated with mental health variable and its dimensions. Testing the hypotheses related to the relationship between organizational health and demographical variables shows that organizational health of employees is not significantly different in terms of gender and marital status, and age and years of service and monthly income are not significantly related to organizational health. But Education level and employment status are variables that affect the average organizational health of employees. The regression analysis of organizational health show that the four variables of creativity and innovation, sustainability, attention, and attention to organization members account for about 63% of organizational health changes in Tabriz University. Results & Conclusion Therefore, it can be said that organizational culture is one of the main determinants and the most important predictor of organizational health of Tabriz University staff.

Introduction In the society of Iran, health is a valuable commodity which is sold in the market. In this situation, we can speak about “ commodification of health” . The result of commodification will be treating it as something for obtaining benefits. In such a condition, Monetization, market values and inequality will increase. It seems that the Iranian society gradually have had some paradigm changes in heath discourse and the government’ s economic withdrawal in general supplying of health services and expansion of the private sector in the health system. In this discourse the patient is considered as a costumer who must provide the expenses of his health and treatment. Furthermore, health is considered as a personal commodity rather than a public one which all people have the right of access to it. In such a system, instead of patient’ s need, patient’ s purchasing power is the criterion for access to health services. Therefore, the current study is that what are the consequences of health commodification for the elderly as the regular consumers of health system? Method This study has been done through “ Qualitative Research” and “ in-depth and Semi-Structured Interviews” with 28 elderly people in Tehran (people over 65 years old). To identify the elderly has been used a combination of purposeful samplings such as “ Maximum Variation Sampling” and “ Theoretical sampling” . The Maximum Variation sampling is used for finding the elderly in various types and theoretical sampling is used to achieve conceptual saturation. Finally, the interview data were coded and categorized by “ Thematic analysis” . Besidesthe qualitative research, the health related documents have been investigated. Results and discussion The results indicated that classified health, poor governmental health system and ignored the poor elderly are amongst the consequences of Commodification of health for the elderly in low social classes and at last will be resulted in exclusion and ignorance of the poor elderly. Other consequences of Commodification of health can be pointed to the feeling of class exclusion, increasing poverty among the poor people, removing health from consumption basket, financial inability of the poor and turn to self-curing. The greatest victims of the health system are the poor and ill elderly who because of their age are the fixed customers of the health and treatment system. As the poor elderly live in an insecure and inflammatory economic society, will be resulted in providing some essentials for their life and sometimes they will remove health services from their consumption basket. Commodification of health will be resulted in classified health and it will be continued to the classified differences in having access to health services. As a result of all this differences and inequalities the experience of ageing in the Iranian society will turn into a multiple experience and the rich elderly have a good access to the commodified health system. As a result, the economic capital is considered as an important factor in the ageing experience. Conclusion In commodification of health condition, the poor elderly share is nothing but exclusion. Nowadays the Iranian government needs to be more responsible for the poor elderly. The Iranian government must de-commodification of health services and consider it as an essential commodity. Furthermore, paying attention to Prevention and general care besides cure in social health policy for the elderly is important.

Introduction 'Felicity Land' (Saadatabad) by Maziar Miri is examined in a study of gender representation; the paper attempts to give an understanding of gender construct and representation, and to statistically extrapolate it to the broader Iranian cinema landscape. A movie or any other text which represents the cultural and revisionist modern Iranian subjectivity would be best fitting the qualitative research as used in the present paper. 'Felicity Land' lends itself best for such an inquiry for many reasons. It was a box office success when the audience of the time. Method a qualitative sociological study is applied to analyze gender representations in 'Felicity Land' which is widely accepted as the suitable method in study of images. John Fiske’ s semiotics approach offers three levels of semiotics analysis to discover layers of meaning in the media: natural, technical, and ideological. Finding Male-Female and gender interactions is a major theme of the movie, a fact which bolsters movie's gender impact and implied significations. Middle-class women are represented as independent and more socialized, especially in household politics. However, in their private spheres, these women are often represented as docile, dejected, and still dependent on their men. Men, on the other hand, are represented lonely and grappling with financial difficulties of their daily lives, but still rule the roost in family hierarchy of power relations. Dialogues among men revolve around financial hardships outside home, and they fail to communicate a shared sense of enjoyment and experience. Smoking, drinking, extra-marital relations, violence, and dishonesty committed for financial gain are critiques against contemporary men. Represented as an ideal woman, Yasi has a modern demeanor, and attends well to her traditional social roles as cooking for the family. She even goes beyond duty and renovates in cooking in bringing European foods to the table, thus ideally representing the modern woman of the time. She shuns working outside home, just to serve the family better. Other two women offer negative characters: one is insolent and the other is represented as making unkind allusions. Both fit the stereotype of inconsiderate and irresponsible women. Marital relations are very shaky in 'Felicity Land; ' they lack the emotional depth and richness. Couples are apart by wide cultural and emotional gaps. In all three families portrayed, couples make no effort to repair the already damaged relations with spouses. Indeed, in the context of modern life, families seem no longer viable as they were in the past; they now merely reflect the pale and drab faç ade, bereft of any significance of bearing children and endeavor to improve relations. To a larger extent, the movie succeeds in rebuttal of the stereotype of traditional women; the myth of feminine jealousies and lack of support for themselves by women are gone, and replaced by a display of sympathy among women in difficult social and emotional situations. However, the support is lavished just for individual women than for the family. Results & Conclusion new gender order acts in yet more complex ways in social and revisionist subjects, and understanding institutionalized cultural practices requires decoding. In any analysis of gender representation, Karl Barth and Susanne Hull's views along with Erving Goffman's 'gender advertisements'helps emphasize on the role of the media on constructing and reproducing gender among children and adults. Goffman believes that gender, like any other social meanings and constructs, perpetuates through processes of socialization: media passes to society exaggerated, stereotypical, and often simplified 'data' on gender role models through 'gender advertisements; ' it is then imaginable that, with this media impact, a critical reversal will happen in Goffman's theory, in that, the conceived centers of power and interests, especially invisible patriarchy behind the media management practices, gives a more critical aspect of understanding of gender as a social construct.

Introduction the issue of the emergence of informal settlements in Saveh is one of the important subjects of urban management and this has been affected by the establishment of Kaveh Industrial City. Establishment of an industrial city in the development and rapid growth and attraction of immigrants from all over Iran, especially the villages of Saveh and neighboring provinces of Hamadan and Kermanshah has played a very important role in the spread of this phenomenon. Urban and industrial Tehran, Arak and Isfahan, especially the capital, has attracted a large population. Also, based on the selected theoretical framework and game theory in Saveh, marginalized people resort to various techniques and methods to survive and stabilize their neighborhood. They play with the official policies of urban management, action and reaction. The actions of the actors towards each other cause them to progress in each stage and enter the next stage, but the end of the story of integration is within the scope of the comprehensive and detailed plan of the city. Finally all slum neighborhoods in the main body of the city will enter and accept by urban management's. Method In this study, various methods and techniques included of field observations, participation in local community events, interviews with key informants, negotiating with local city managers and meta-analysis of consultants' studies, group discussion, and finally surveying among marginal residents Have used in the target area. findings; researchers While studying the emergence and expansion of marginalization, have classified and identified various forms of marginalized neighborhoods in Saveh in the form of five models of emergence and expansion. Findings The city of Saveh has faced rapid growth over the last half century, an important part of this growth has been due to the phenomenon of migration and the formation of informal settlements in the four corners of the city. Researchers presented and classified five typologies of marginal neighborhoods around the city. This typology is based on the knowledge and description of problems in the research field. All community areas as an informal settlements of Saveh in one of the five models (emerging, integrated, with moderate conditions, critical condition and finally areas with special conditions). Due to the different social and physical conditions and distinct these neighborhoods, the approach of urban management should not be a single version for all neighborhoods. 25neighborhoods are in one of the four stages of immigrant arrival, the formation of social cohesion with tools such as building religious affairs, the entry of urban services and infrastructure, and finally the full or partial recognition and accepted by urban organizations and institutions. Discussion It seems that these 4 stages are connected in a chain and according to the game theory, the marginalized people play with the official policies of the city management and the actions and reactions of the actors towards each other cause them to progress in each stage and enter the next stage. It can continue until the end of the integration story within the master city plans.

Introduction Most people consider crime to be an important social issue. Crime and the media are two issues that have received much attention in recent years, independently and at times in many countries, in the field of different has followed. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between media consumption and fear of crime. The main question of the research is "What is the relationship between media consumption and citizens' fear of committing crime in crime-prone areas of Tehran? " In this regard, a series of hypotheses were prepared based on theoretical and experimental literature, demographic characteristics of individuals and media consumption and fear of crime. Thus, with regard to the effects of media images on delinquency, it is not a question of whether media coverage has consequences. Rarely has anyone denied these works. The main agenda is to untangle the complex and complex interrelationships of media content and other dimensions of social structure in the formation of criminal behavior. Method The research method is survey method and a questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical population is young and middle-aged citizens in Tehran. According to Cochran sampling, out of 600 samples, 545 people answered the majority of questions completely. Results and discussion Findings from the study show that among all types of crimes, respondents said that "fear of stealing at home alone at night" was the most frightening crime. In terms of media consumption, the majority of Tehran citizens reported watching an average of one to four hours of television a day. Given the independent effect of socio-demographic variables on fear of crime, the findings are largely consistent with previous literature. Only gender was significantly related to fear and confirms the research hypothesis. Unlike the United States, Tehran citizens are less affected by the "mean world syndrome" due to their high spiritual and religious capital, because in the Qur'an and hadiths about explaining the truth of the world and its characteristics, as well as the role of the world in building the Hereafter. Accordingly, the violent content of the mass media convinces viewers that the world is more dangerous than what has happened. This phenomenon is one of the main results of planting theory. And enjoying happiness in this world and the hereafter, many guidelines have been proposed. Conclusion According to the results of the study, after controlling the standard multiple regression analysis models with the demographic-social characteristics of the sample, two significant relationships did not appear between watching crime series and Internet news. Of the six media variables and five control variables, only gender was significantly associated with fear of crime. In fact, the relationship between the media (television, radio, newspapers and the Internet) and citizens' fear of crime was investigated based on Gerbner's theory of planting. However, the result is contrary to the planting theory of Gerbner et al.

Introduction In order for green space to be part of a sustainable city, its social and cultural aspects must also be considered. The three most important aspects of a sustainable city green space are the environmental aspects, creating a social network and reducing exclusion and increasing cultural inclusion. In the present study, Fadak Park in Tehran's second district as an urban green space was studied in terms of achieving sustainable city indicators. This park is the result of the reconstruction of the green space along the Chamran Highway. Carrying out such a plan will bring about significant changes in the socio-economic and environmental structure of the region, which will have a range of positive and negative consequences. In the present study. Since parks are places in the city that have a social structure, they should also be considered from a social and cultural perspective. Has the park been able to connect with the socio-cultural context of the region and become part of the social space of the region (and the city)? Does the park help increase social participation and strengthen the local community? Method For this study, two groups of stakeholders, including employers, decision makers, planners and project implementers in the municipality and stakeholders, including residents and neighbors of the park and park users, were surveyed through semi-structured interviews. Also, by attending the park through participatory observation and observation at different times, a complete description of the park was made. Finding Interviews are categorized in three areas: 1) Environmental consequences of the construction of Fadak Park: per capita provision of urban green space, noise and air pollution, water crisis; 2) Network of social relations in urban green space: Park as a third space, belonging to space and 3) Elimination and cultural inclusion in urban green space: class exclusion, gender exclusion, age exclusion, ethnic exclusion, security. Conclusion The results showed that this park has contributed to the per capita green space of District 2 of the city where the park is located, but compared to some areas of Tehran that are much less than the per capita urban green space has caused unbalanced development of green space in Tehran. It has not affected the creation of social networking. Although it has not caused sexual, age or ethnic exclusion, it has not strengthened cultural inclusion.