RESEARCH ON ADDICTION
Year:2021 | Volume:15 | Issue:59|Papers Count:15

Objective: The present study aimed to explore the familial, social, and environmental factors detecting craving in substance-dependent women in Tehran. Method: The method of this research was qualitative of grounded theory type. The statistical population of the present study included substance-dependent women referring to Behboud Gostaran Hamgam Center in Tehran in 2018-2019. Among them, 40 people were selected by theoretical sampling method. Results: The results of this study indicated the discovery of the category of familial factors detecting craving (consisting of 3 subcategories of cognitive, affective-emotional and behavioral factors), the category of social factors detecting craving (consisting of 2 subcategories of potential and actual harmful communities) and the category of environmental factors detecting craving (consisting of 4 subcategories of special times, places, special weather conditions and special occasions). Conclusion: By identifying the detecting factors of craving in substance-dependent women and setting new treatment protocols in this area, it is possible to prevent craving and lapse in this particular group.

Objective: The aim of this study was to predict addiction readiness based on health literacy in students of Payam Noor University of Amol in 2018-2019. Method: This study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the present study included all students of Payam Noor University of Amol who were studying in the academic year 2018-2019. A total sample of 118 male and female students was selected using convenience sampling method. The addiction potential scale and the health literacy questionnaire were used to collect data. Results: The results showed that there were significant negative relationships between addiction readiness and health literacy components (access, reading skill, comprehension, evaluation, decision making, and information use). Also, the results of regression analysis showed that the total score of health literacy could significantly and negatively predict 18% of the variance of addiction readiness. Among the components of health literacy, comprehension and decision making and information use could significantly and negatively predict 21% of the variance of addiction readiness. Conclusion: It can be said that health literacy is one of the variables related to addiction readiness in students which should be considered in the prevention and treatment of addiction.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the moderating role of spiritual well-being in the relationship between boredom and addiction readiness. Method: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the present study included all male adolescent students in the 14th district of Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020. Among them, 379 people were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Participants completed the boredom scale, the addiction potential scale, and the spiritual well-being scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression methods. Results: The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between boredom and addiction readiness and a significant negative relationship between spiritual well-being and addiction readiness. Also, the results of hierarchical regression confirmed the moderating role of spiritual well-being in the relationship between boredom and addiction readiness. Conclusion: The present study emphasizes the moderating role of spiritual well-being as an important mechanism in the relationship between boredom and addiction readiness. Therefore, the development of spiritual well-being among adolescents can be a good way to protect them against boredom and addiction readiness.

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a model for organizing substance-dependent homeless and street women in Kermanshah. Method: The present study was conducted using the grounded theory method. The study population included all substance-dependent homeless and street women in Kermanshah. 37 people were selected by purposive sampling method. The data were analyzed by coding method. Results: According to the research model, the main causes of the studied phenomenon included economic and familial factors; underlying conditions including cultural and psychological factors; interventional factors including managerial-legal factors and social factors. Conclusion: Organizing attempts for substance-dependent homeless and street women are one-dimensional and only limited to supportive-correctional centers. After purification, these women are unfortunately released in the society by cutting off support. On the other hand, because these women have also been rejected by the society, therefore after the liberation from the supportive centers, the society does not accept them. Thus, it provides the ground for their return to the original state and ultimately the ineffectiveness of organizing attempts and wasting costs. Therefore, it is necessary to follow the supportive processes until the full recovery of women in policy making.

Objective: The aim of this study was to design and test a model of familial (family communication pattern including conversation orientation and conformity orientation, family conflicts and parental religiosity) and individual (self-esteem, self-efficacy and resilience) factors of substance use tendency in students of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Method: The present study was descriptive-correlational of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population of this study included all students of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in the academic year 2018-2019. From this population, 347 people were selected by cluster sampling. To collect data, the family communication pattern questionnaire, the family conflict subscale; the questionnaire of parental religiosity, the self-esteem scale, the psychological capital questionnaire, and the addiction acceptance scale were used. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling methods. Results: Conversation orientation, conformity orientation, family conflicts, self-esteem, and self-efficacy had significant direct effects on substance use tendency, but parental religiosity and resilience did not have any significant direct effects on substance use tendency. Self-esteem mediated the relationships of conversation orientation, conformity orientation, family conflicts, and parental religiosity to substance use tendency. Self-efficacy mediated the relationship between parental religiosity and substance use tendency, but resilience did not mediate these relationships. Conclusion: In general, the model presented in the research had an acceptable and appropriate fit and can be used as a suitable model in designing and formulating preventive programs for substance use tendency.

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between family function and drug attitude with the mediating role of social adjustment in male and female high school students. Method: The study was descriptive-correlational of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population included all female and male high school students of Lali in the academic year 2017-2018. Two hundred and seventy-five individuals were selected by multistage stratified sampling and answered to the social adjustment inventory, the family assessment device, and the drug attitude scale. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that the direct path of family function to drug attitude was not significant. The direct path of family function to social adjustment was positive and significant and the path of social adjustment to drug attitude was negative and significant. Also, social adjustment completely mediated the relationship between family function and drug attitude. Conclusion: In general, family function and social adjustment are among the variables affecting drug attitude and strengthening these variables will lead to a negative attitude toward drug in adolescents.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness treatment on procrastination and metacognitive beliefs in substance-dependent individuals. Method: The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the current study included all substance-dependent individuals referring to addiction treatment centers in Tabriz. Among them, 30 individuals were selected by cluster sampling method and randomly assigned into two 15-people experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90-minute mindfulness training and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were collected using the procrastination questionnaire and the metacognitive beliefs questionnaire. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that the mindfulness-based program had a significant positive effect on reducing procrastination and metacognitive beliefs. Conclusion: Given the effect of mindfulness on reducing procrastination and metacognitive beliefs, mindfulness training is recommended as a treatment to improve procrastination and metacognitive beliefs in substance-dependent individuals.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive education and treatment and cognitive-behavioral stress management on feeling of cohesion and depression in the spouses of substance-dependent men. Method: The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and 3-month follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included the spouses of substance-dependent men referred to Dr. Moeini addiction treatment and rehabilitation center in Gorgan from 2008 to 2018. Among them, 45 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into two experimental groups (15 people for each group) and a control group (n=15 people). The first experimental group received metacognitive education and treatment for depression and the second experimental group received cognitive-behavioral stress management and the control group did not receive any intervention. The cohesion feeling questionnaire and the Beck depression scale were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measure. Results: The results showed that both interventions led to a significant increase in feeling of cohesion and a significant decrease in depression in the spouses of substance-dependent men. Also, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two interventions on feeling of cohesion and depression in the two experimental groups. In addition, these results remained stable in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Both interventions of metacognitive education and treatment and cognitive-behavioral stress management can be used as beneficial interventions in the spouses of substance-dependent men.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on cognitive flexibility and craving in substance-dependent individuals. Method: The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all individuals with substance abuse who referred to Azadi addiction treatment center in Ardabil in 2019. Among them, 30 individuals were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned into two experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. In the pretest and posttest stages, both groups answered the cognitive flexibility questionnaire and the post-detoxification craving scale. The experimental group received eight sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed based on multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy significantly increased one of the components of cognitive flexibility (including the perception of different options component) in the experimental group, but it had no significant effect on other components of cognitive flexibility including controllability perception and behavior justification perception. Also, this intervention reduced craving in the experimental group. Conclusion: The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy can increase cognitive flexibility and also decrease craving in substance-dependent individuals under treatment. Also, this treatment can be used along with other pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare emotional intelligence, cognitive distortions and social behavior between substance-dependent and non-dependent individuals. Method: The present study was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population of this study included substance-dependent men referring to addiction treatment camps in Tehran and also substance-nondependent men. Two hundred and sixteen men aged 20-70 years were selected by convenience sampling and assigned into two groups of substance-dependent (n=108) and non-dependent (n=108) individuals. Participants completed the modified emotional intelligence scale, the cognitive distortions scale and the prosocial tendencies measure-revised. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, chi-square and independent t-test. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the substance-dependent group and the non-dependent group regarding emotional intelligence and cognitive distortions (except for overgeneralization), so that the dependent group had significantly lower scores on emotional intelligence and higher scores on cognitive distortions than the non-dependent group. Also, there was a significant difference in the subscale of anonymous social behaviors between the two groups, so that the dependent group had significantly lower scores on anonymous social behaviors than the non-dependent group. Conclusion: These differences are important in designing clinical interventions for treatment.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on sexual desire and sexual arousal in women with drug abuse. Method: This present study is a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow up design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all women with drug abuse referred to addiction treatment centers for women in Tehran in 2015. Among which, 28 individuals were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly placed into experimental (n=14) and control (n=14) groups. The instruments used in this study included the demographic questionnaire, the femaleschr('39') sexual function inventory, and the women’ s sexual interest diagnostic interview. The mindfulness-based cognitive therapy package was taught to the experimental group for one month in eight 90-minute sessions (twice a week). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had significant effects on improving sexual desire and sexual arousal in women with drug abuse and these effects were stable in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: It seems that mindfulness along with other interventions such as medication and medical interventions can be effective in improving sexual desire and arousal in women with drug abuse.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of family communication patterns and school culture in addiction tendency in students in Tabriz. Method: The present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study included all high school students in Tabriz. Of which, 375 students were selected by voluntarily online sampling. Participants completed the family communication patterns questionnaire, the school culture questionnaire, and the addiction tendency questionnaire. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and regression methods. Results: The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between communication pattern of conversation orientation and addiction tendency and a significant positive relationship between conformity orientation and addiction tendency in students. Also, there were significant negative relationships between the components of school culture (student relations, student-teacher relations and educational opportunities) and addiction tendency. In addition, family communication patterns and the components of school culture were able to predict 7% and 11% of the variance of addiction tendency in students, respectively. Conclusion: Considering the role of variables of family communication patterns and school culture in predicting addiction tendency in adolescents, the present results can be used in addiction prevention and treatment programs.

Objective: The present study aimed to develop and initially validate the scale of awareness) knowledge(, attitude, intention and performance in elderly with a history of drug substance in Iranian society in 2018. Method: This research was descriptive-correlational of instrument validation type. The statistical population included all elderly addicts referring to the center for rural health society and health centers in Khafr. 101 elderly with a history of drug abuse were selected by convenience sampling method. In this study, the data were collected by the demographic questionnaire and the researcher-made questionnaire (i. e., the scale of knowledge, attitude, intention and performance in drug abuse). Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. Results: Based on exploratory factor analysis, 4 factors of knowledge, attitude, intention and performance were extracted. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the designed tool is a valid tool for measuring knowledge, attitude, intention and performance in the elderly with a history of drug abuse in Iranian society.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of coping strategies in the relationship between family communication pattern and addiction potential in the youth. Method: The present study was descriptive-correlational of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population of the present study included members of the Youth Organization of the Iranian Red Crescent Society in 2019. 595 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Research data were collected using the addiction potential questionnaire, the family communication pattern questionnaire and the coping strategies questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed a good model fit. In this model, conversation orientation (negatively) and conformity orientation (positively) had indirect and significant effects on the addiction potential. Problem-oriented strategies significantly mediated the relations of conversation orientation and conformity orientation to addiction potential. Also, emotion-oriented strategies significantly mediated the relationship between conformity orientation and addiction potential. Conclusion: It seems that family communication pattern, along with other factors such as coping style, plays a key role in addiction potential and substance use and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors in prevention programs.

Objective: In this study, implement-criminal policy discourses to control drug abuse were analyzed. Method: The present research was descriptive-analytical and the data were collected in the form of a library research from books, dissertations and articles. Results: This study showed that due to the transfer of enforcement to various executive agents, the implement-criminal policy governing drug abuse does not have the necessary coherence and coordination, and the manifestations of this inconsistency can be seen in the emergence of correction and treatment discourse, harm reduction discourse, and management discourse. Also, the incoherence of discourses has made the implemented programs regarding drug abuse control less successful. Conclusion: To control drug abuse, the policies adopted must be in the same direction and complement each other, and new methods must be used in the form of coherent implement-criminal policy to reduce the harms of drug abuse, treat drug-dependent individuals, and prevent recurrence.