Social Problems of Iran
Year:2021 | Volume:11 | Issue:2|Papers Count:15

This research is concerned about the individuals’ economic relations and transactions within the rational ordinary life within the social space of the city of Yazd. The targeted population of the research is the people of Yazd from which 20 individuals have been selected based on targeted sampling. The required information was received through deep interviews. This research is based on qualitative study and is conducted based on interpretational methodology. In order to respond to the questions and achieve the objectives, a kind of theoretical backdrop was selected that was consistent with Strauss’ s objectivity and Corbin’ s analysis of narratives. Eventually, the convergence of interests and objectives and the inability of individuals had become the central phenomenon of the research, which are the result of an atmosphere of indifference and lack of solidarity between individuals encountering economic hurdles and the lack of individuals’ competence. In other words, all the participants said that the economic space was chaotic and instable, however most of them lacked the sufficient competence and cooperative attitude to enhance the situation. Moreover, the majority of them said that they are incapable to change and enhance the status quo.

Human need social life and the foundation of social life is the continuous interaction with other people. The consistency and durability and efficiency of continuous interaction depends on continuous Warm interaction (In two form Warm equal and warm unequal). Family interaction is an important area of warm interaction and the family is the last refuge of individuals in society. But a lot of research shows that the family is also extremely and broadly has a manifest and painful illness. The purpose of this article is to describe the state of social interaction in family in Iran-as sociologists have perceived and reported. The present research has cited 81 credible articles conducted by 39 important Iranian sociologists. In this research, based on the Directed content-analysis method, the social interaction state in family in Iran was extracted. The data show that: “ problem of Lack of social relation and interactions in the family, Shortage And reducing family interactions, Shortage Warm interactions in the family, Existence Cold interactions in the family, Break up the spouse relationship, Inappropriate family social capital and the shortage Family Trust” Each of these problems includes more minor interactive problems which shows that our latest social sanctuary is also extremely “ Low-grade” and ill.

The article critically examines the applications of the concept of social capital in Iran. It argues that just as the concept gained in popularity among social researchers, political pundits and even elites in Iran, It has also descended into chaos, losing its analytical utility. The article will briefly go over the history of the idea of social capital in the west as its critiques. Then it will turn to the Iranian literature on the concept, particularly focusing on their problematization, analytical frame and policy recommendation. What this article focuses on is the gap that has emerged between problematization, the analytical tool, and the "policies" and "strategies" of the suggestions proposed in these works. In an attempt to explain the problems and transformations of Iranian society. These researches tend to discuss poverty, inequality, structure of government and the changes of economic, social and political relations, while they have not been able to provide an appropriate frame work and conceptual tool based on "Social Capital". And develop conceptual tools appropriate to such an analysis. This article argues that this confusion is not simply due to the ignorance of the researchers but mainly related to the ambiguity of the concept of "Social Capital" itself.

The present article, with an analytical and sociological approach, analyzes the problems of young single life based on the theories of Jean Baudrillard and Richard Sennett. This study, while emphasizing the sociological imagination, seeks to critique the approaches in the field of social problems, pay attention to the person (victim) and have a person-centered approach in analyzing the problem. The theoretical synthesis considered in this research is the analysis and critique of a new form of life among young people; which are influenced by modern or individualistic socio-cultural practices. A manifestation of the tragedy of modern life that confronts young single people with countless changing ideas. Ideas that are never available in their entirety. A way of life in the new society that, following the popularity of individualism, has seduced the contemporary youth by maximizing sexual pleasure and consumerism, and has made imaginary-virtual phenomena a total reality for him. This devaluing tragedy, followed by the spread of new world culture, has further fragmented the lives of single people and led them to isolation. Isolation of the type of rupture of collective solidarity and the fascination of the individualistic world. Reflecting on the theories of Richard Sennett and Jean Baudrillard, it can be said that the form of single life has sounded the alarm bell of coldness in social relations, ignorance, isolation, and the tyranny of individualism. This adventurous promotion of individualism among young people and eroticizing their interests is quite problematic, one of the consequences of which is the single life of young people.

Social indifference is a social issue; In which there is a kind of disconnect between peoplechr('39')s awareness, feelings and behavior towards social issues, and this disconnect causes passivity towards social issues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of social indifference of students of Hakim Sabzevari University and the factors affecting it. This research was done by survey method and questionnaire technique. The statistical sample was estimated using Cochranchr('39')s formula 370 people who were selected by stratified random method. The results show that the rate of social indifference of students is moderate and 73. 7% they were moderately indifferent. There was no significant difference between contextual variables including gender, place of residence, ethnicity, field and level of education with social indifference; but there is a significant difference between marital status and age with social indifference. The lack of significance of most of the contextual variables indicates the generality of this phenomenon among students, regardless of whether they are male or female, urban or rural, and of different ethnicities. The family context variable was always the most effective in all bivariate and multivariate tests. The sequence of independent variables affecting social indifference based on path analysis were: family background, feeling of social anomaly, social effectiveness, mass media, social trust and hope for the future. The results of regression analysis show that 29% the changes in studentschr('39') social indifference are explained by independent variables. Thus, despite the fact that various theories were used to explain social indifference, the rate of explanation of the dependent variable was not very high. This may indicate that social indifference among students has unique characteristics that are not addressed in theories.

the Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the most important host countries for Afghan immigrants in the last four decades, and the Afghan student community is by far the largest group of non-Iranian students in Iranian higher education. Leading research seeks to answer these two questions: What are the most important obstacles and challenges for Afghan students in entering the Iranian higher education stage and how is the life experience of Afghan female students at this stage shaped in their cultural adaptation process? . The data collection method is a combination of documentary and library sources, semi-structured interviews with 71 Afghan students and interviews with relevant institutions and has been studied based on the model of cultural motivation and content analysis technique. The results showed that Iranian higher education has played an important role in their vertical mobility by strengthening the cultural and social capital of Afghan girls, but the exposure of Afghan students to the set of obstacles that exist before entering university affects the culturalization process of this group. The double difficulty of the entrance exam with the subject of forbidden cities and fields, the multiplicity of decision-making institutions in the field of international students, the bureaucratic challenges of transferring from the institution of education to the institution of higher education, the lack of information and the lack of uniformity in policy In the field of immigrants, the impact of political relations between the two countries and regional equations on the university institution, tuition challenges, ambiguity in scholarships and the impact of immigration status change law on the decline of girls in higher education are some of the most important challenges for Afghan students in Is Iran. Incomplete and unbalanced acculturation will increase prejudice and intensify cultural bias, which will overshadow the national interests of the country. This issue has several consequences and can negatively affect the main goal of internationalization of Iranian higher education, which is emphasized in all upstream documents, based on the training of cultural ambassadors.

Family, as one of the most important institutions of society, has an important role in social cohesion; Hence, any change in social, economic, emotional and sexual relationships between couples can affect the institution of the family. One of the most important changes and transformations that affects and threats the totality is the extramarital affair. Extramarital affairs means the violation of commitment and trust in the marital relationship, which has many dimensions and aspects, and since it threatens the foundation of the family; It is of special importance to study it. Thus, the present study examines and recognizes the process of extramarital relationship with a qualitative approach based on contextual theory and semi-structured and problem-oriented interview techniques. The results of this study showed that the breakdown of intra-family ties, the attractiveness of the modern love experience, the breakdown of traditional norms, receiving restraint and coercion in daily actions by the family, receiving freedom of action from the family, spouse abuse, social mobility and changing standards over time And the elimination of the taboo of offering extramarital affairs by men to married women is one of the causal conditions in the emergence of the phenomenon of the desire to experience love. The men and women involved in this relationship, in the face of this phenomenon, adopt a strategy of establishing an extramarital affair, and the consequences of these strategies are to make public and separate and to hide and to continue the marital life.

The feeling of defeat has been mostly analyzed as a clinical and psychological phenomenon; however it seems that the social aspects are of high importance. To understand the phenomenon of "exclusion", an interview was conducted with people with the feeling of defeat – considering three criteria: authority’ s claims, psychologist diagnosis, and the feeling of defeat test-continued to reach theoretical saturation in 65 individuals. The study subjects were chosen from psychological clinics in five different regions in Tehran which are the following: the center of district 6, the west in the district 8, the north in the district1, the west in district 5 and the south in district 18, and the quota sampling was implemented purposefully. Participants were chosen among individuals from 25 to 45 years old in two groups. The first or second generation of migrants from villages to Tehran metropolis, the second those who were born and are living in Tehran now. To this aim, semi-structured interviews for data collection and thematic analysis for data analysis were conducted. The findings suggest that the experience of defeat could cause experience of discrimination, exclusion, and the decline in social participation in individuals and consequently result in the feeling of despair, anxiety, social isolation, and lack of sense of belonging. "Exclusion" and erosion of social capital lead to being someone else, distancing, the fear, and lack of power for social integration. The migrants (as excluded group) suffer from social confusion, the sense of meaninglessness, being powerless, loneliness, and isolation. The feeling of freedom alongside discrimination, the tendency for reverse migration, immigration, traumas, mistrust, disappointment, and shame are the consequences of being excluded among the group of migrants.

One of the most important factors affecting social development is the social integration of societies. Sociologists have identified several factors as contributing factors. One of the most important of these is the cultural characteristics of societies, the status of normative plurality or normative conflict and how they are dealt with in societies. Theoretical literature proposes various models of its effect on social integration. This paper argues that societies with greater levels of plurality or normative conflict appear to have lower levels of integration. In order to test this claim, a comparative study was conducted using secondary data. For this purpose, data from WVS, (2015, 1995) World Values Survey, Minorities at Risk, International Religious Freedom, Data World Bank and International Institute of Social Studies (ISS) are used. The data period of this study is from 1995 to 2015 covering 109 countries. The results showed that: societies with a high degree of normative plurality or conflict have a low degree of social integration. The form of the relationship between these two variables for both total plurality and Components for its constituents has been almost linear. North American countries had the highest integration and the lowest normative plurality and conflict. And African countries, on the contrary, have a higher degree of normative plurality and conflict and a lower degree of integration. Iran is ranked 87th out of 109 countries in terms of social integration and 31st out of 61 countries in terms of plurality and normative conflict.

In the past, being alone, was rarely the choice of people for their lives, and most of those who lived alone were the elderly or young people who were forced to live alone due to unintended circumstances. . But in todaychr('39')s world, a group of people voluntarily choose this lifestyle. This study seeks to understand the reasons for choosing lived alone life style who have never been married in Tehran. For this purpose, with a phenomenological approach, information has been collected on 13 unmarried women over 40 years of age living in Tehran who have voluntarily chosen to live a solitary life. This number of samples was selected by purposive sampling method and they were interviewed in depth. Our research findings have shown that many factors such as education, employment and migration are the only facilitators, but most of these factors are family-oriented. On the other hand, these girls have stated reasons such as gaining skills and self-improvement, getting rid of family rules and frameworks, and feeling comfortable. All in all, to have alone life, seems to provide them with a new opportunity to be different and have a home of their own. Being in a way that is less questionable in the face of being single and at the same time provides new opportunities for them to live. The role of the family in choosing loneliness has been different and dual. The family situation and the prevailing cultural atmosphere have sometimes been in opposition to the independence of single girls and in some cases have been supportive. But what was important for these women was to maintain contact and intimacy with the family after leaving the family.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a meta-study (including trans-theoretical, meta-analysis and meta-analysis) on research on factors affecting the prevention of theft during the years 85-96 in the metropolis of Tehran. Eighteen studies in the field of theft prevention through internet search in domestic databases and manual search in organizations and universities in Tehran, were identified and related information was analyzed. In order to collect data, a checklist was compiled based on the existing theoretical foundations and the data were collected using it. The results of meta-theory and meta-method showed that the researchers conducted in the field of research subject (except in the cases of analytical model extracted from the theoretical framework and background study, preliminary test of measuring device, operational definition, measurement of reliability and validity, mentioning limitations and obstacles of research and ethical considerations ) And also the results of the meta-analysis showed that the size index of the combined effect of r in the field of factors affecting the prevention of theft in the fixed model was 0. 695 and in the random model was 0. 636, which according to Cohenchr('39')s criterion was considerable. But in a separate study, in the field of factors affecting the prevention of theft, the effect of the category of disciplinary factors was more than the categories related to security and socio-cultural factors. The results of Egger regression test, N-error-free test, dual and tweedy correction and fitting test and funnel diagram showed no diffusion bias in the meta-analysis sample. Due to the heterogeneity in the studies, the moderators were analyzed, which indicates the modulating effect of the research sampling method in the field of factors affecting the prevention of theft.

This article is about celebritization of body which is usually objectifies in body-building and body-representation. The main question is about the emancipative and repressive of this process. To answer this question, we have relied on a conceptual approach which studies the consumption of bodies and the bodily construction of self in consumer society. We can observe the objectification of this process both in virtual world (Instagram, Telegram, Facebook and so on) and real world (street, malls, parks and other public spaces) especially in women everyday lives. This article studies women in Tehran and some experts in this field. The qualitative method of grounded theory and the technique of deep interview are used to interpret their lived experiences. The finding shows that with the weakening of the elements of civil society in Iran (associations, clubs, cooperative networks, syndicates, movements and public sphere) and the prevalence of consumer culture, the body has become the only reliable capital, the unique source of pleasure and the only medium of communication. Poor self-image, weak economic capital and belief in limited good among women, accompanied with some other cultural context of related to patriarchal society have caused women not to be able to develop feminine autonomous self.

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