Journal of History of Literature
Year:2021 | Volume:13 | Issue:2 (84/2)|Papers Count:13

Educational literature is one of the types of literature in which moral issues, or social and instructive issues are recounted. Anecdotes and allegories are told. Sanai is not an innovator in this field; But his satirical techniques are unique in raising awareness and teaching moral principles according to the interests and tastes of society. He believes that different social spectrums read his poems and use them according to their taste; Therefore, those who want to make jokes should also have food. Sanai calls such jokes the joke of education. The present study has stated the political and social reasons for Sanai turning to jokes in a descriptive, analytical, analytical manner, and by gathering documents, his intentions of joking. Findings show that the political, social, moral situation of society as well as the problems of personal life, has made Sanai joke to reveal in the form of jokes, biases and shortcomings, personal, social, moral and timelessness of people And warn.

This research compares the structure of the noun phrase and clause in Persian and French in order to determine the similarities and differences in the constituent order in the aforementioned constructions in the two languages. Utilizing principles of the communicative language teaching approach, it further attempts to design a sample lesson for teaching Persian to French speakers based on the perceived differences. This study comprises two phases. In the first phase, which was comparative and descriptive in nature, the researchers examined the constituent order in the noun phrase and the clause in the two languages. In the second phase, the researchers developed a sample four-skill lesson that tries to teach the cross-linguistic differences in the two syntactic units based on the communicative and task-based language teaching principles. Finally, to determine the efficacy of the sample lesson, a questionnaire was designed based on Jess’ s (1987) Developmental Assessment model which was then distributed amongst 32 experienced French teachers of the Persian language. The analysis of the obtained data via descriptive and inferential statistical methods (paired and independent sample ttests) confirmed the effectiveness of the sample lesson in enhancing all the four language skills.

In religious Persian prose epics, trilogy epics of Musayyab Nameh, Mukhtar Nameh & Abu Muslim Nameh have importance that they emphasized on the subject of Imam Hussein’ s Revenge & show falling of Umayyad & Marwani dynasties. Epic of Musayyab Nameh according to the historical context of Tawabin movement, turn historical Character of Musayyab into literary & imaginary form, to provide the basis for the emergence of Mukhtar and Abu Muslim and the achievement of other aspirations for the exodus. The subject of this paper is a case study and an explanation of the new theme of two Independent «Haft Khan / Seven Trouble» for Musayyab Ibn Qa’ Qae’ , the main hero of the prose epic of Musayyab Nameh. The storyteller, Waris Bukhari or Abu Tahir Tarsusi, in narration of Musayyab travel to deliver Muhammad Ibn Hanafiieh’ s letter to Yazid, have been organized two «Haft Khan / Seven Trouble» under the title «Haft Lashkar / seven troops» & «Haft Darband / seven threshold» & This article attempted to describe them along with the comparison between characteristics of each one to Rostam’ s «Haft Khan / Seven Trouble», emphasizes the correctness of Musayyab’ s Difficult Steps assignment to «Haft Khan / Seven Trouble». According to the evidence presented in this study, Musayyab Nameh is a first epic that organized two «Haft Khan / Seven Trouble» in an independent event for the main hero.

Despite the title "Meeting of Sheikh with Abaqa" appearing in Sa’ adi's prose treatises, there is not much enthusiasm for meeting Abaqa in Sheikh’ s words. Clearly, the renewal of devotion and expression of friendship to the Juvayni brothers, nonetheless, is the most momentous reason that brought Saadi to Tabriz after visiting Mecca. This article delves into the whys and wherefores of the meeting and uncovers the reasons for Sa'adi's reluctance to visit him. After Sa’ adi's speechlessness and the Juvayni brothers' insistence, the meeting finally took place in a cold and dull atmosphere with Sa’ adi’ s biting words and admonitions indicating the Sheikh's grievances. Sa’ adi portrays the Mongol sultan in the mirror of a shepherd, whose levy of taxation imposition is the wage of a shepherd, and if he disrespects his villeins, it shall be like a morsel, suffocating him in the throat as does Jizyah. The author sought historical and literary sources to find reasons, showing Sa’ adi's dissatisfaction with Abaqa. These factors lie in the behavior of Abaqa and his executors. They include the imposition of heavy and various taxes, the misbehavior of the Mongol sheriffs with Persian officials and disrespect to Sa'adi's favorite scholars and Sufis, the spread of idolatry and Buddhism in Iran and the prosperity of Christianity under the Ilkhans’ protection in the Islamic realm, and the extensive efforts Holako and his son, Abaqa, to eradicate Islamic governments including the Caliphate and other local governments. In fact, all these were not far from Sa’ adi's sharp and punctilious view.

In the Persian literary texts, the verb hesht and its present stem helhave been used with mood's lexical meanings and grammatical function. On the other hand, the past stem of the verb is used in the form helid that is analogical formation. In this article, the root of the verb in the old period of Iranian languages; its main meaning, and other lexical meanings in three periods of Persian language has been examined and the process of semantic evolution and its change to grammatical form for representing modal concept has been described. Hiš tan is derived from root harz in Avestan Language to meaning “ to abandon” , “ to leave” and in Middle Persian and Persian literary texts besides "abandoning" mean, is used to mean "putting", "assigning", and "appointing" and also. Moreover, it has become a tool to express the permission modality in Middle Persian. In the Persian literary texts, gozā shtan has also represented the modal concept of permission. Gradually, the use of gozā shtan for denoting this concept has become dominant, and heš tan has become eliminated.

The book of Haqiqat al-Bayan fi Sharafat al-Ensan is a mysticalfiction book whose main story is about animals complaining about human abuse to the king of jinns called "King Dadbakhsh". This book was written by Mohammad Ali Ibn Iskandar Shirvani in 1250 AH and dedicated to Mohammad Shah Qajar. The main story of the book is rooted in the treatises of Ikhwan al-Safa, and in addition to the narration of this book, several other narrations have been known and published in Persian language. Our aim in this research is to introduce this manuscript and its author and its stylistic coordinates and distinguish it from other narrations. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its information is extracted from library sources. The research findings show that the main difference of Shirvani narration is to giving mystical color on the story by the dialogues of characters. In this narration, the reason for human's nobility over other animals is considered to be his divine spirit and ability to knowledge of God. Other distinguishing features include the abundance of references to Persian, Arabic, Quranic, and narrative verses and proverbs, as well as the use of artificial and obligatory style in general. A copy of the book contains nineteen miniature drawings that enhance its visual value, and printing the book will reduce the risk of extinction. Two manuscripts of this book have been identified so far: the original, which is in the library of the Academy of Bucharest, Romania, and the other, which is kept in the Malik Library of Tehran.

The first Persian historical novel, Shams o Toghra (Kermanshah: 1288-1289 AH / 1327-1328 AH) by Mohammad Baqer Mirza Khosravi (1266-1338 AH), takes place in the time of the Salghurids and provides a space for struggle between old and new ideas, techniques, and forms in six areas of linguistic and intertextual relations, literary genre, narration system, characterization, time and place, and politics and compatibility. The main question is what is the position of Shams o Toghra during the formation of modern Persian literature? Is it a modern or traditional work? Is it opening a new way in the field of Persian fiction? On the one hand, in spite of all the innovation, it is still not possible to create a new form, such as the Siyahat-Name-ye Ibrahim Beyg by Zain al-Abedin Maraghi, because the work lacks problematic hero. But on the other hand, the image of the author's contemporary world is reflected on the events and through it, the existing conflicts in the society are represented; Conflicts that end in one-sided compatibility. In fact, although the historical novel does not create a new form, it is a mirror to the contemporary world. Generally in almost all of the areas listed, the struggles are overpowering, and Shams o Toghra cannot be considered as a modernist work.

Nozhatnā meh ‘ Alā ’ i by Shahmardan ibn Abi al-Khair Razi, one of the first Persian encyclopedia, belongs to the most important class of prose writings. Farhang Jahanpur edited and published this work in 1362/1983, but due to the importance of the text and due to the problems and the deficiencies in it, it needs to be reedited. The present paper in addition to introducing the Nozhatnā meh as the first encyclopedia containing original source of information and explaining important aspects of it; we have shown some deficiencies such as not referring to all existing editions, relying on inappropriate editions, lack of accuracy of some editions, ignoring stylistic characteristics of the text resulting in distancing from originality, lack of loyalty in recording, misreading the text and remove an important word or term from the text, etc. Additionally, by introducing ten new manuscripts from the book and representing the importance of these editions in clarifying the ambiguities in the text, then the necessity of presenting a more proper correction of the book is emphasized.

In this paper we discuss the necessity of presenting a new version of Avesta, the old text and Zoroastrian holly book. Also we present and compare the ongoing studies in the field of digitalize this book with the aim of representing a new edition. Through observation, collation and analysis, we use historical-descriptive method in this article; we also will present two main institutes that are studying on digitalize the Avestan versions. The two mentioned institutes are located in London and Berlin and numerous Institutions and individuals are collaborating in these extensive studies. Current researches in this field at these two universities has similarities and differences that Some of them will also be considered. Such a big project faces several obstacles and aiming a new Version of Avesta book is confronting deferment and difficulties; but it is hoped that cooperation of scholars in this field facilitates this process.

The emotion of Depression is one of the most important themes in the lyrics of the Indian Style. This is also conspicuous and applicable in the lyrics of Hazin Lahiji which is manifested in his poetic language in different forms. The poet has tried to transfer depression to his readers by the use of various techniques and devices such as using accurate vocabularies, proper combination on the syntagmatic axis, creating new combinations, conflicts and contrasts, and through miscellaneous imaging especially by the means of all types of Radif in his own lyrics in order to share his own personal experience with his audience. The aim of this article is to study and analyze the method by which Hazin Lahiji has used these linguistic devices for the transmission of the mentioned concept to his readers. Studying the Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic relations formulated the analytic approach for the authors of this paper. This research has been conducted based on collecting data in the library and by use of Text Analysis. It is concluded that Hazin was successful in motivating the emotion of depression in the audience and share his own experience with them through selecting appropriate and harmonious Radifs with other vocabularies, combinations and groups in sentences in the forms of contrasts, emphatic questions, creating proportion between the concept and the written text, and the application of appropriate verbs, and so on.

Preparation a descriptive-analytical bibliography in order to determine the quantitative and qualitative aspects of conducted researches in specific field seems to be essential as they can be useful for researchers. The purpose of this study is to investigate not only the quality of approach to Kalila and Dimna of Bahram Shahi in different periods but also the qualitative examination of related articles. Moreover, this study tries to determine the new, repetitive and overlooked topics in this field. For this reason, first of all, we collected 299 articles which are about Kalila and Dimna of Bahram Shahi in Persian or other languages from 1921 to 2015. Subsequently, we made the content criticism of them after we got the glimpse at the quantity of these articles in different periods. The outcomes of this study confirm that not only there is no proportionality between the quantity and quality of the researches but also the subjects such as aesthetics, codicology, aspects of folk culture and literature and some effects have not been considered by researchers.

The eminent German orientalist Bertold Laufer is best known for his extensive research on Chinese civilization. Having received his Ph. D. in Oriental Languages from the University of Leipzig, he travelled to China and Tibet to conduct extensive research on various aspects of Chinese culture and art, and became known as one of the great sinologists of his day. Among his many works is a collection called Sino-Iranica (1919) in which Laufer discusses the cultural interactions between Iran and China in ancient times in various articles, often in the field of botany and mineralogy. Although this study is above all a historical-civilizational study in the field of natural sciences, it nevertheless has benefits in the field of language as a means of transmitting culture. One of Laufer's efforts at Sino-Iranica is to identify the Persian names of plants and minerals by his extensive knowledge of the Chinese language and the methods of recording the loan-words in Chinese, and thus the transferring of material components of Iranian civilization to China from the 2nd century BC to the 14th century. In this article, we review some of the linguistic knowledge about Iranian plants that Laufer acquired during his studies of Chinese texts, and show the importance of his work both in the field of the influence of Iranian languages and in the field of Iranian cultural and civilizational impact on ancient Chinese civilization.

Teaching ancient languages has an important difference from teaching modern languages, while the student of modern languages focus on four skills, speaking, listening, reading, and writing, the acquisition of an ancient language, more than anything, is based on text comprehension. That is why the modern methods of language teaching, like CLT, are not very useful for teaching ancient languages. Moreover, most of the ancient texts are not general texts, but there are literary, religious, or legal texts and the student needs additional and information to comprehend the texts. In this paper, at first, we notice the problems of teaching ancient Iranian languages and then describe what can be called the “ teaching method of Avestan, Old Persian and Sogdian. At the end, we compare the available books for learning these languages. All of these books use the method, named “ grammartranslation” , but the most useful ones have original texts besides the grammar explanations and pay more attention to read and to analyze of the texts.