Journal of Spatial Planning
Year:2021 | Volume:25 | Issue:1|Papers Count:6

One of the solutions of urban management in order to progress in the competitive world market, planning to achieve sustainable urban branding for a city and ranking the city purposefully and creatively, while introducing the face of the city, is being able to attract audiences or tourists. Developed cities operate as competing companies, all of which seek to capture more capital market share, outstanding talent, and global attention. To achieve this, it is necessary to pay attention to urban branding issues. Urban branding is an attempt to design, shape or change the mental images of the audience (tourists), focusing on the unique attractions and potentials of a city, providing value creation for tangible and intangible assets of cities. Urban branding is a good way to describe and implement urban marketing. Just as dealing with the city occurs through the perception of images, so the application of urban marketing is largely dependent on infrastructure, communications and urban image management. So the goal of urban marketing, which in turn is the starting point for the development of urban branding, is the urban image. Urban branding, on the one hand, provides the basis for evolving policies to pursue economic development, and at the same time, is used as a tool for city dwellers to identify their city. In this study, by carefully examining the factors involved in different tourism models and combining them to extract the basic factors and criteria with the ISM structural interpretation technique, the aim is to study the brands of Semnan city (Dar ol-marhame) in order to rank and attract the audience (tourists) and to present a model. Pays for purposeful and creative ranking (branding) of this city. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the urban brand of Semnan Dar ol-marhame and its role in the development of tourism in the city of Semnan and how these urban symbols can be transformed into a strong international brand in the field of urban tourism in Semnan, and what is the position of these symbols and if it plays a role in urban branding and attracting tourists from their point of view. ISM is an interactive learning process that structures a set of interpretive, diverse and interrelated structural modeling factors into a comprehensive systematic model. To design the model, after analyzing the variables with a sample of 22 elites and field experts, various urban planning, urban planning and urban management, economics, tourism and marketing was done, and filling out a questionnaire from domestic and foreign tourists entered Semnan, which was distributed among 28 tourists in an initial questionnaire, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. Then, the main questionnaire, which was based on the available sample size, was distributed to 221 people, and after analyzing it, the dimensions of purposeful and creative ranking of Semnanchr('39')s mercy center were examined. ISM structural interpretive technique was done to purposefully and creatively rank the city of Semnan Dar ol-marhame; giving first priority to points and unique features of the city with pivotal and contextual conditions and with physical-historical image and brand element of historical buildings and brand mark, Holy Shrine Imamzadeh Yahya, Soltani Mosque and Sheriffchr('39')s Mansion were determined with a score of 0. 893, and then the infrastructure and legal facilities of travel and tourism with moderating conditions and with socio-economic image and brand element of accommodation centers and leisure centers and brand mark of Gut Kamal Hotel with A score of 0. 886 were recognized as the second priority in ranking Semnan Dar ol-marhame. The financial, investment, exchange and commercial infrastructures of the city with strategic and strategic conditions and with the economic image and brand element of large shopping centers and the brand of Phoenix Tower and the traditional market with a score of 0. 823 were recognized as the third priority in ranking Semnan. The international position of the city with competitive conditions and the global environment and with the economic image and brand element of the citychr('39')s medical and medical facilities and the brand, Kosar Educational, Research and Treatment Center with a score of 0. 798 were recognized as the fourth priority. Also holding ritual festivals and exhibitions, museums, streets, boulevards, squares, parks and green spaces (alleys) and elements of collective memory, symbols and urban signs were identified as the next priorities in ranking the sanctuary, which should be aimed at the targeted development of tourism and the development of all comprehensively and sustainably, basic attention should be paid to them and they should be implemented and operated in the city.

In the recent decades, there have happened many spatial resistances in response to the privatization, Islamization, securitization and increasing control over public urban spaces in Tehran city context. These mostly have been the outcome of agency of marginalized groups in the space production process. Spatial representation of these spatial resistances has been in such a way that could challenge the dominated spatial order in a temporal and unstable way, and the changing in spatial organization of the city has linked into these conflicts. This research seeks knowing the dominated relations upon these spaces and explaining them theoretically through concept of emergent spaces. At the first, in an experiential manner, spatial distribution of emergent spaces was identified and grouped in relation to the form and the dominated relations of these spaces, then three spaces were selected by using selection matrix, field observations and the interview with elites. Data were analyzed by using grounded theory through open, axial and selective coding processes. The results of data analysis showed the spatial resistances is axial category of emergent spaces. The urban agents resist in the urban spaces by the tactics of everyday life and through spatialisation of their needs, they appropriate them against power spatial order and its spatial constructs. The emergent spaces are produced by these spatial resistances which control and capitalistic relations in that are much less than the other spaces.

Introduction: Event tourism as one of the types of tourism that according to Getz, has been proposed in the tourism industry and research community for several decades, is one of the important motivating factors in tourism and in programs. The development and marketing of most areas is an important factor. With this description, in recent decades, the event management sector is evolving and becoming a strong industry that has been considered through the development of communities. In this regard, in order to achieve success, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the shareholders, but also to all groups and individuals who influence or are affected by the development of the event in any way. The present study was organized in line with regional development by event management which has identified, prioritized and analyzed different dimensions of the success that affects the perception of organizers. Methodology: In this study with combined methodology and descriptive-analytical survey method, different dimensions of the components that affect the perception of organizers are identified, prioritized and analyzed. For this purpose, the various dimensions categorized by the panel of experts, and all the effective components on the perception of the organizers were presented. Afterwards, by a questionnaire among 50 organizers of the Ferdowsi commemoration in Toos area of Mashhad city, which were selected by Delphi counting technique, their perception of event was measured and then analyzed by fuzzy TOPSIS method. Results and discussion: In this research, in a step beyond the previous researches, the dimensions affecting the event have been prioritized, and provide a more detailed roadmap for the organizers on how to pay attention to the dimensions affecting the success of an event. The results show that physical perception with the first rank has the greatest impact on the process of understanding the event for the organizers. In other words, physical space, accessibility, infrastructure development, diverse and aesthetic content qualities, and imagery can create a better and more effective understanding in management of events.

Introduction: Many researchers in the fields of geography, social sciences, agriculture, and environment have defined the village and rural place. In Iran it has been mostly defined for providing government services and from a political-administrative-demographic point of view. However, some researchers and thinkers in Iran have paid attention to other dimensions of rural and rural places such as the rights of places, biological aspects, the system of rural society and its spatial aspects. We know that perhaps one of the first curiosities of any resident of each settlement is an understanding of the biological-residential phenomenon. This requires that they first know its definition and use it as a guide and guideline for the development and progress of that settlement. This becomes even more apparent when researchers and facilitator want to develop rural planning for these settlements with a qualitative methodology. Because when a person offers different definitions of their place of residence with the participation of other people, different needs and wants will be raised. It is possible that by satisfying these needs and wants, and with the help of the villagers themselves, outsiders and stakeholders will develop a settlement. Methodology: The method of this research is qualitative as well as fundamental in nature in the sense that it seeks to conceptualize the core of the subject. In addition, it seeks to respond to the development needs of local communities and local and regional development organizations. It also has a phenomenological approach, strong philosophical basis, and an interrogative-deductive strategy. Also, considering the reserves of rural settlements from the definition of the village and its true nature, it seeks to research this phenomenon. During the research process, focusing on rural groups, integrating them into their daily lives in the form of additional participatory workshops using tools such as interviews, group discussion, the concepts of which are used and done in the context of 5 interviews semi-structured and 5 participatory workshops with the participation of rural groups (Agricultural activists, industry and services), youth, executive officials and council, trustees and investors, active population and women. [R1] Findings and Discussion: We know that perhaps one of the first curiosities of any resident is to understand and become familiar with the biological-residential phenomenon. It is necessary to first know its definition and to consider it as a guideline for the development and progress of that settlement. Therefore, according to the phenomenological method of dominating the research and the participation of the research participants, the following semantic units were suggested from their point of view to define the village: demographic – geographical, functional, social solidarity, sociology, psychological, aesthetics – architecture, environmental, institutional, systematic and spot-spatial. Conclusion: Re-conceptualizing words such as village can be instructive and a way to open up the needs and wants of a rural settlement, because through the link between its integrated implementation and a systematic look at new approaches of development, it can be considered as an institution to unfold its dimensions. The villages of Sumaghan and Mula-e-Anbar as a biological-residential phenomenon need that at first resident and the rural development planners come up with a comprehensive definition of the village, that itself is done as a guideline for its development. This process becomes more apparent when it plays a role researchers and facilitators should define, as well as develop and plan for these settlements with a qualitative methodology and perhaps phenomenology, and with an interrogative-deductive approach. Also, in new and alternative development subject, when planning for settlement, relying on rural concepts increases its feasibility. Looking at some of the researches done as well as the cores of the research, it can be realized that doing any planning without the participation of the stakeholder in the planning process undoubtedly underscores its efficiency and efectiveness. The outcome of this study was a participatory definition of the village by the participants, which is facilitated by the authors: The village is a collection of geographical spaces and bio-residential spots that have multiple functions of agriculture, production, services, industry, tourism, etc. It has a much smaller population than urban settlements and has a strong social solidarity. And the external and internal relations are very extensive to their far and near settlements. Also, its essential features are the spirit of effort and production.

Introduction: Nature-based tourism is responsible for travel to natural areas and seeks to preserve the environment and welfare of local communities. In general, this type of tourism can play an important role in the economic development of the regions. In order to take advantage of the benefits of tourism, one of the primary and basic steps in nature-based tourism planning is identifying capabilities, determining capacity and ranking areas for the development of this type of tourism. Lorestan province is known as one of the high-potential regions in the field of nature-based tourism in Iran, whose capacities have not been well used. The purpose of this study is to first identify and determine the criteria and indicators for ranking nature-based tourism capacities based on previous research and their localization and then their use in ranking the capacity of nature-oriented tourism in the county of the eastern region of Lorestan province. Finally, several solutions have been proposed to improve the spatial structure of nature-oriented tourism in the study area. Methodology: This research is applied and its approach is descriptive-analytical. The data required for this research have been collected by documentary and field methods (questionnaire). Criteria and indicators required for ranking the studied counties have been obtained by reviewing the literature in domestic and foreign research and the opinion of local experts. The best-worst technique has been used to weigh the selected criteria (Rezaei, 2015). The best and worst criteria have been determined by 15 experts and by comparing the criteria according to Saatychr('39')s 1-9 scales and then the final weight of the 12 selected criteria from the expertschr('39') point of view has been calculated using Lingo software. Finally, ARAS multi-criteria decision making method was used to rank the nature-based tourism capacity of the counties in the study area. This technique is one of the multi-criteria decision making techniques that was first proposed by Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas and Zenonas Turskis in 2010. Results and Discussion: The results obtained from the weighting of the selected criteria show that the number of nature-oriented tourist attractions (0. 235), altitude (0. 092) and protected areas (0. 077) are ranked first to third. Accommodation centers (0. 077), safety (0. 072), tourism growth rate (0. 070), quality of communication routes (0. 067), distance from health centers (0. 066), existence of relief groups (0. 063), different methods of transportation (0. 061), distance of attractions from the city (0. 048), the size of cities (0. 042) and distance of attractions from cultural centers (0. 030) are in the next ranks, respectively. Also, the results obtained from using the ARAS method show that the counties of Khorramabad (0. 616), Aligudarz (0. 544) and Boroujerd (0. 500), Dorud (0. 450) and Azna (0. 406) are in the first to fifth ranks respectively in terms of nature-based tourism capacity. Conclusion: The purpose of this study was to rank the counties in the eastern region of Lorestan province and to determine the tourism routes and to present the proposed special organization for the development of this region based on nature-based tourism. For this purpose, a number of domestic and foreign researches in the field of nature-oriented tourism were reviewed and the criteria were extracted for ranking the nature-based tourism capacity of the study area. The weight of the criteria was determined by using the paired comparison method and best-worst technique using Lingo software. Then, using one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods) ARAS), the eastern counties of Lorestan province were ranked based on the capacity of nature-based tourism. The results show that Khorramabad, Aligudarz and Boroujerd counties were in higher ranks, respectively. The counties of Dorud and Azna were in the lower ranks, respectively, due to the weakness of their public tourism infrastructure, despite having numerous and unique nature-based attractions. Overall, the results of this study can provide a better understanding of the nature-based tourism, capabilities of this region for planners, decision makers and stakeholders and private investors (domestic and foreign). Providing infrastructure, facilities and equipment are essential in order to optimally exploit the potential of nature-based tourism in the region and also play a more effective role in regional development.

Introduction: Drought is one of the extreme climatic phenomena that occurs in all regions of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions with different intensities. In recent decades, drought has caused great damage to the economic, social, agricultural and water resources sectors. Numerous studies have been conducted in this field, each of which has achieved remarkable and practical results, and in most cases, have provided constructive solutions to adapt to this natural disaster. The purpose of this study is to monitor drought in the country using Self-Calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC-PDSI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) indices, and to evaluate the validity of data from two global drought databases for the study of these two indices. Methodology: In the present study, data on precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, average temperature, wind speed and sunshine hours of 101 stations in a 24-year period (1992-2015) have been used. After reviewing the data, two indices, SC-PDSI and SPEI were calculated using SC-PDSI and SPEI packages in R software, and then percentage maps of years with each drought class were drawn with ArcGIS software. The Penman-Monteith method was used to calculate evapotranspiration in the SPEI index. In the next step, by comparing the computational values of the indices with the values provided by the two global databases of the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia at https: //crudata. uea. ac. uk/cru/data/drought/ and The Global SPEI database at https: //spei. csic. es, which provide drought indices with a resolution of 0. 5 by 0. 5, the accuracy and validity of the data of these two databases were investigated. It should be noted that the computational values of these two indices in 101 stations were compared with the data of 99 points obtained from the database, which were the closest distances to the observation stations. These points were determined using the Euclidean distance method. Results and Discussion: SPEI values in 3, 6, 12, and 24-month time periods showed that in all four time periods, more than 60% of the years were in the normal class, and less than 5% of the years were in the extreme drought class. The maximum cores of the two normal and extreme drought classes are located in the eastern and western parts of the country, respectively. According to the SC-PDSI, the highest percentage of years are in the normal class, and less than 4% of the years are in the extreme drought class, with the exception of a few very limited maximum cores nationwide. According to this index, the concentration of drought maximum cores has been related to the western, northwestern and to some extent the center of the country. It is noteworthy that there is a maximum core of 13% in the vicinity of Bandar Anzali. The location of the rainiest station in the country (Bandar Anzali) in the extreme drought class indicates a severe negative anomaly in the rainfall of this station. The beginning of the drought period in the SC-PDSI index was in 1999 and in the four time periods of the SPEI index in 1999 and 2000. Comparison of shows that with the exception of a few stations, there is no specific coordination between these two data sets. Thus, based on the calculated values, in all stations of the country, a higher percentage of years (48-76% of years) is in the normal class. However, according to the database values, in most stations, 50% of the years are in the normal class, and the rest of the years have been affected by mild to extreme droughts. Database index values also place more years in the extreme drought class than computational values. Comparison of computed and database extracted SPEI values also shows a similar inconsistency. According to the calculated values, more than 60% of the years are in normal condition in all stations; but in the database, the percentage of normal years at the stations fluctuates a lot and its range varies from 20 to 80% in different periods. Although the extreme drought class has formed numerous maximum cores in all periods, it has been concentrated in the western, southwestern and central regions of the country in less than 5% of the years. In the eastern half of the country, the number of years with extreme drought has been low and even zero in some cases. What can be deduced from the analysis of database values is the existence of maximum cores in the western and southern regions of the country in periods of 6, 12 and 24 months, which shows that under 20% of the years of these regions are under the control of extreme drought. In general, the values of the two indices in both databases have always been higher than the calculated values and have shown the drought to be more severe. Conclusion: Based on the general results of this research, more than 60% of the years are in normal condition in all stations in both indices. Normal cores are located in the eastern parts of the country and drought cores are located in the western half of the country and rainy areas. The pattern observed in the maps indicates that severe and extreme droughts have occurred in parts of the country that have relatively better rainfall conditions, and changes in the amount of rainfall have led to more severe droughts. For example, although the western half of the country receives relatively more rainfall than other regions, a slight decrease in rainfall and an increase in evapotranspiration have caused extreme droughts in at least 5% of the years. Another obvious example is the existence of the core of the extreme drought at Bandar Anzali station. Comparison of the results obtained from the calculations and the database shows that there is no coordination and spatial overlap between them in terms of drought severity and there are obvious differences in the percentage of years of each drought class. However, despite the differences between the calculated and database values, there is good temporal coordination between them.