مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Journal: 

FOREIGN RELATIONS

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2021
  • Volume: 

    12
  • Issue: 

    4 (48)
  • Pages: 

    551-580
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    388
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Africa has received a lot of attention from China and America in recent years. By examining the soft and hard power used by these two countries in Africa, including activities in the fields of culture, politics, diplomacy, economics, and trade it is concluded that each of the powers is trying to increase their sphere of influence on this continent. In recent decades, using smart power has become one of the most important aspects of the foreign policy strategy of the great powers. In order to achieve their goals, Chinese and American's governments have taken effective steps to increase their influence and position in Africa. The main question of this study is: What is the place of using hard and soft power components and mechanisms in China and America's foreign policy towards Africa? In response to this hypothesis, a comparative-historical method is used to examine how the degree of overlap and balanced use of smart power tools and resources varies between China and America. The use of soft and hard power components by the two countries shows that China's elites in comparison with America, have been able to increase their position in Africa by creating harmony and balance use of smart power resources and tools without restrictions.

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Journal: 

FOREIGN RELATIONS

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2021
  • Volume: 

    12
  • Issue: 

    4 (48)
  • Pages: 

    581-612
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    279
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

In recent years soft power has become an important tool for governments to achieve their foreign policy goals. India-a country with rich sources of soft power-has made great efforts to use this capacity to achieve its foreign policy goals. Among Indian leaders Narendra Modi has paid considerable attention to the capacity of soft power in Indian foreign policy. The current study with a descriptive-analytical method seeks to find the reasons why Narendra Modi has paid substantial attention to India's soft power capacity. According to the research findings, the most important reasons for Modi's special attention to soft power can be classified as follows: at the national level, 1. better condition of communication technology and social media in India in comparison to the past and using this capacity to improve public diplomacy, 2. unfavorable situation of infrastructures in India and making efforts to attract foreign investment in this field and 3. promoting the tourism industry in the country. At the regional level, reducing regional competitors influence such as China in South Asia. At the international level, promoting India's global image as a nuclear power and an emerging power, thus reducing concerns about its growing military capability.

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Author(s): 

KARIMIPOUR DAVOOD

Journal: 

FOREIGN RELATIONS

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2021
  • Volume: 

    12
  • Issue: 

    4 (48)
  • Pages: 

    613-642
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    199
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Notwithstanding absence of prominence in Soviet epoch, Middle East turned to be geopolitically weighty in Russian perspective predominantly during Islamic Awaking developments. Due to evocative geographical immediacy, Middle East regional balance of power as Russian intervention in Syrian crisis elucidates is a top priority for the country. Looking for an amended soft power in the region, through energy diplomacy Russia sets such an end. How Russia play as regional balancer in the region through energy diplomacy, the article by putting on qualitative case study seeks to illuminate among Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Israel. Hypothesis chosen is, Russia cooperates with the states to set a bed for the more political and economic influence as well as improving and upgrading the position against west in the world energy markets. Investment in Iranian energy sector, OPEC+ deal with Saudi Arabia, pipeline diplomacy in turkey and oil export to Israel are few among many Russian energy diplomacy balancing behaviors in the Middle East.

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Author(s): 

NIKNAMI ROXANA

Journal: 

FOREIGN RELATIONS

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2021
  • Volume: 

    12
  • Issue: 

    4 (48)
  • Pages: 

    643-673
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    185
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

The yellow vest movement in France represents a kind of democratic deficit and a crisis of government representation. Perhaps the use of the term "crisis in the symbolic system" is more appropriate to describe the current situation in France. This concept was introduced by Pierre Bourdieu. In Bourdieu's epistemology, social action is formulated in the first place as the dualism of hysteria and doxa, and in the second place as having a class nature. The question now is how did the crisis of the symbolic system lead to the formation of the Yellow Vest movement in France? It can be hypothesized that the weakening of symbolic power cast doubt on Doxa as an element of state legitimacy on the one hand and the emergence of hysteria in society on the other. The result of this process was the yellow vest movement. This research has used Bourdieu's theory of praxeology in the theoretical and methodological framework. According to Bourdieu's habitus, capital and field are the main characteristics of a symbolic system, and the crisis in the system begins among them. After examining these three indicators, it was found that symbolic capital has been weakened in France, and this has affected the government's ability to use symbolic violence. After examining these three indicators, it was found that symbolic capital has been weakened in France, and this has affected the government's ability to use symbolic violence. This shortcoming has cast doubt on Doxa in France, which has manifested itself in the form of neoliberalism and has led to the emergence and continuation of the movement. The method of data collection in this research is library and field study.

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Author(s): 

Heydary Mohammad Raouf

Journal: 

FOREIGN RELATIONS

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2021
  • Volume: 

    12
  • Issue: 

    4 (48)
  • Pages: 

    675-706
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    246
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

The Middle East is a geo politically-geo economically sensitive region. In this study, some goals and assumptions are considered, the overall purpose of which is to investigate the impact of the monopoly system on the Middle East. This research is based on a questionnaire. Designed questionnaires are based on Likert and Saatei spectroscopy. Editing and modifying the questionnaire as well as the statistical population of the respondents includes political science experts (Delphi Panel Working Group) is considered. The research hypotheses were based on multivariate decision model (hierarchical analysis model and ideal solution based on similarity model) as well as one-way ANOVA and HSD post hoc test. The results of the research of these models and statistical methods were obtained with Expert Choice 11, Excel 2016 and SPSS 25 software. The results show that the US military invasion of Iraq in 2003 with a value of 0. 2125 is the most important factor in the rise of the monopoly system in international relations. The prospect of international relations also shows that China is 0. 839 nearest to the ideal solution, the main candidate for the overthrow of the hegemonic system in the world and the Middle East and it drives the world system towards multipolarity. Also, in line with existing political philosophies, the United States uses the Hobbesian political philosophy with Sig = 0. 016 more than others, so since 1991 it has usually used the Hobbesian philosophy in the Middle East.

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Author(s): 

REZAEI MASOUD | ABDI MONA

Journal: 

FOREIGN RELATIONS

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2021
  • Volume: 

    12
  • Issue: 

    4 (48)
  • Pages: 

    707-741
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    284
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

China's growing importance in the world order and its growing power in line with its goals and vision has raised questions about how Russia will fit into the Belt Initiative and China's path In particular, how the asymmetric relations between the two countries pave the way for their convergence and strategic partnership in Eurasia. Understand the dynamics of China's global strategy and how Russia relates to the components that seek its interests in the framework of this plan; the starting point is such an assessment. Accordingly, and as a hypothesis, Russia finds its geographical location very attractive for sustainable development as well as the passage of Western sanctions. The connectivity aspect of the Belt and Road Initiative, which seeks to improve East-West transport links, is inherently consistent with Moscow's desire to transfer energy resources as well as to open up Russia's transit potential in Eurasia. But contrary to China's geopolitical view, Russia's view is purely economic. Hence the elements of Russia's participation in the China Initiative, Belt and Road Initiative; As officials in both countries claim; They have not been systematically defined and evaluated empirically. With this in mind, we first provide a brief history of China-Russia trade and transportation links. We then examine the main projects of-the Belt and Road Initiative which involves Russia-and the key agreements related to this project. Finally, with regard to Russia's risks and considerations, the dimensions and developments of this partnership are taken into consideration.

Yearly Impact: مرکز اطلاعات علمی Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources

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