International Relations Researches
Year:2019 | Volume:9 | Issue:2 (32) |Papers Count:10

The Central Asian region must be considered geopolitically an international sub-system and considered as a single entity. As time goes on, the integrity of Central Asian identity and the continuity of its developments become clearer. The regional approach and the acquisition of an integrated identity are among the requirements for the success of the policies of each of the countries in the region for progress and development, because the nature of many developments in each of these countries is transnational in nature and covers the region. In this article, an attempt has been made to answer the question of what is the identity and political structure of Central Asia, including Tajikistan, by considering a political-Islamic ideology? The research method is analytical-explanatory and by using library and theoretical resources, it will identify and analyze the logical components of the problem. Finally, it was concluded that in analyzing the political situation of the Central Asian republics, what needs to be considered the most is to avoid the monopolization of developments in these countries and to analyze them on the basis of a fixed model. The components influencing the identity and political structure of Central Asia, including Tajikistan, include all internal factors and currents, including political, economic, security, and geographical. Tajikistan's foreign policy will not be shaped by a vacuum, but by the context, context, and specific cultural, social, geographical, and economic conditions of the country.

In recent years, the Internet phenomenon has been at the forefront of boundless connections. New communication technologies such as Web 2 technology and virtual social media based on it have created a huge change in various fields, including politics and international relations. This article aims to show how Web 2-based social media has changed our understanding of brokerage in international relations. What does this change have to do with international relations? In answer to these questions, it is hypothesized that Web 2 has changed our understanding of brokerage in two main ways: First, it has allowed brokerage to be found on an individual level; Second, this individual agency can be so independent, given the exposure to information and access to it outside its environmental structure, that in turn it has challenged the power of the structures that operate within them. These two points apply to the field of international relations, questioning the dominant theories of international relations that support a state-centered and structuralist approach to international relations, and highlighting the need for critical theories in the study of international relations. he does. In this regard, we will study examples such as the Egyptian revolutionary movement and the terrorist group ISIS, as well as the French yellow vest movement.

Given the competitive environment of the oil market, successive developments in the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Saudi Arabia's foreign policy is of paramount importance for a number of reasons, especially after King Salman came to power and the rise to power of Crown Prince Ben Salman. And has found influence in regional equations. The radical analysis of the formation of Saudi foreign policy contributes significantly to the regional studies of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, and the political studies of the Islamic world. The central question of this article is about the roots of how Saudi Arabia's foreign policy is shaped by its emphasis on domestic factors. The study method is to analyze the content of documents and data and rely on the documents and reports of official centers and the opinions of experts on the subject. In conclusion, Saudi Arabia, instead of pursuing national interests in the long run, has consistently pursued a foreign policy approach to increasing its dependence on the West. Its realization is known only by the deep immersion in relying on the West. The West, and the United States in particular, supports Riyadh's approach, given its economic and strategic interests in the region. Since our focus is on internal factors, the model of the decision-making box is the theoretical focus of the research. Relying on field reports and neutral circles has been the focus of this research.

Examining the possibility of the emergence and formation of a neutral government in the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Third World is one of the most challenging issues in the field of foreign policy and international relations, and the question of the Islamic Republic of Iran has always been raised. And especially the interior of the country, considering the main components of a neutral government in a powerful country such as the Islamic Republic of Iran, what is the purpose of establishing these states in the world and also based on the historical background of our country in declaring neutrality? The establishment of a neutral government in the Islamic Republic of Iran contradicts the goals of the Islamic Revolution because neutral states are states that do not have a sensitive and strategic position and all have deep weaknesses in various dimensions and share in international conflicts and foreign policy against relative immunity. Although most governments are weak in the Third World, Iran cannot declare neutrality due to self-sufficiency in the military, geopolitical geography, and governance relations with the Islamic State. Wahhabism and Islamism arising from the Islamic Revolution are in stark contrast to the neutral government. On the other hand, the Islamic Republic of Iran is considered a regional superpower and economic and military power, so the formation of a neutral government in the Islamic Republic of Iran is impossible.

This article focuses on Turkey's Eurasian policies during the post-Cold War period. The main question of this article is related to the achievements and results of Turkey's policy in this field and how to achieve it, and expands the idea that the Turkish government has enjoyed favorable conditions at three national, regional and international levels and therefore has tried. Is to take advantage of these components and situations. At the domestic level, Ankara has two distinct ethnic and religious views on foreign policy, but the common denominator is that they have national interests and prioritize the economy and strengthen the private sector, and have therefore excelled in dealing with countries in the region. At the regional level, despite disagreements with Armenia and the turmoil with Uzbekistan, the governments of the countries in general have been very sympathetic to Ankara. At the international level, the situation has not been to the detriment of the Turkish government and its actions in Central Asia and the Caucasus, and therefore, it has a greater capacity than Iran in this area. Let's discuss its theoretical foundations, interests and goals in the region, its opportunities and problems, and finally analyze its achievements in this regional domain.

Theorists in various fields of social sciences blame various and sometimes contradictory factors for starting the protests in Egypt. Economists have focused on economic factors, and political scientists have focused on political elements. This causal-descriptive study, examining library and electronic sources, seeks to answer the question of why the democratic process in Egypt, which began with the 2011 revolution, failed and faced a military coup. The approach of the political economy of Ajamoglu and Robinson, taken from the book The Economic Roots of Dictatorship and Democracy, has been chosen as a theoretical framework. The findings of this study show that: "The structural dependence of the Egyptian economy on foreign exchange resources and foreign exchange earnings and the impact of its fluctuations, the lack of intermediary role by the Egyptian middle class due to fear of the actions of Mohammad Morsi's government and even the tendency of an important part of civil society The military, the Egyptian presidential system, and the dispute between the Muslim Brotherhood and the military over the political and legal institutions and the lack of partnership in power, inequality and poverty in Egypt, and the military's efforts to raise the cost of the revolution for the people are four factors. All in all, the revolution did not materialize completely, threatening democracy for the upper classes and making the coup attractive to the Egyptian military.

Britain is one of the great powers that has always played an important and influential role in international developments. It has played an important role in slowing down the pace of convergence in Europe and has always opposed the transformation of the union into a European federation. In addition, the UK has not been happy with Europe's common foreign and security policy and has sought to pursue independent security and defense policies. The main question of the research is what effect has the election had on Europe's common defense and security policy? The paper hypothesizes that Britain's withdrawal from the European Union as a nuclear-vetoed country, while reducing Europe's weight and bargaining power at the international level, will hamper the implementation of a number of British defense projects, which could reduce military power. And lead to European defense. On the other hand, given that Britain is considered a lever in the hands of the United States to put pressure on Europe; Thus, Bergzeit could reduce the US influence on Europe and, on the other hand, be an opportunity for France and Germany to try to create a single European army. The present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and using library and internet resources.

There are still numerous idea disputes about different suitability in relation to “ Lex Mercatoria” , or transnational business law, despite the passing of some decades. One of the most important idea disputes in this field is about the using of “ equity” and “ amiable composition” in the international trade arbitration and this subject is explained in this way: Can the arbitrator express this parties, stipulation as the arbitration authority for managing the contract on the basis of “ Lex Mercatoria” if, in a contract about the international trade field, parties agree that their contract is managed on the basis of “ equity” and “ amiable composition” ? The root of idea disputes about this subject is for this reason that “ equity” expresses one of the most important principles of “ Lex Mercatoria” and therefore some professors believe the determination of “ equity” as a governing law on the dispute or the arbitrator authority in the action as an “ amiable composition” permits arbitrators the possibility of the using of “ Lex Mercatoria” Against this reason, some scientists believe although the “ equity” principle is one of the most important principles of “ Lex Mercatoria” in the management of the Contract on the basis of “ LexMercatoria” , the judge or arbitrator has to act or make decisions on the basis of “ Lex Mercatoria” . Even though the result of his/her decision is not according to “ equity” . The dispersion of votes led to the minds of the authors of the analytical approach and using the library for an independent investigation to be focused in this area.

This article examines the results of one of the research hypotheses entitled "Analysis of the Qualitative Content of Television Debates in the Eleventh Presidential Election" from the Perspective of Political Development. The research hypothesis is that the approach of political development in the programs of the winning candidate is prominent compared to other candidates. The research method is qualitative content analysis by identifying two units of analysis, namely the candidates and answering each of the questions. The statistical population available is three electoral televised debates that, after determining the objectives and categories of the research, include fifteen indicators, including emphasis on constructive interaction with the world, information transparency, democracy, freedom of expression, political and civic participation, and problem solving. Sanctions, unity and national cohesion were achieved. The level of information analysis of this research is small. Compared to its competitors, the winning candidate's programs place more emphasis on the core concepts of political development. His political development priorities include freedom of expression, civic participation, information transparency, emphasis on democracy, improving the country's foreign relations, communication with the world, and support for the press.

From the 1940s onwards, certain political, socio-economic, and cultural conditions (modernization) prevailed in Iranian society that led to widespread changes in society, and a wave of widespread opposition from 1340, all of which led to a kind of political radicalism. Was. Our main question in this study is why political radicalism has spread among Islamic forces in the 1940s and 1950s. The hypothesis of the present study is that the nature, structure and function of the second Pahlavi political system (unbalanced modernization) has led to the emergence of political radicalism among Islamic political groups in the 1940s and 1950s. The findings of the present study also show that the implementation of policies such as; Disregard for religion and the clergy, the promotion of Western culture, and so on, led to a kind of political radicalism. Therefore, the emergence of Islamic movements is a major feature of this period in the contemporary history of Iran. Therefore, the present article tries to study radicalism in contemporary Iran (1978-1997) by using analytical-explanatory method and using library resources.