Political Quarterly
Year:2019 | Volume:49 | Issue:2|Papers Count:17

Structural changes in the international system Over the past four decades, largely the Westphalian principles have called into question the sovereignty of states in enforcing laws and territorial control. With the end of the Cold War, these changes accelerated and the earth's territory became a small village. By the beginning of the 21st century, new threats, such as environmental problems, poverty, weapons of mass destruction, food security, etc., were found to have a scientific dimension. As a result, the field was provided to create a new concept of scientific diplomacy. The science and technology diplomacy is a way in which knowledge is withdrawn from the monopoly of nations and institutions and is spreading through global cooperation and collaboration. Today, Science diplomacy plays an important role in foreign policy issues. The European Union, as one of the key pillars of science and technology in the world, has made many efforts to use this tool to achieve soft power. In the meantime, the question arises as to how science and technology can be used as a diplomatic tool? Why is science and technology power part of the soft power of nations? What has the European Union pursued in pursuit of its goal? In response to these questions, it can be said that scientific diplomacy through the deepening of cooperation, even if formal channels are closed, allows for the possibility of interconnection between countries, and since governments are able to resort to it Pursuing their national interests through charm and not coercion; it is part of soft power. And the European Union, with an emphasis on innovation, is able to use it to gain prestige and empowerment. In order to prove the research hypothesis, Joseph Nye's soft power theory and the "Luk Van Langenhove" theory will be used to operate the hypothesis.

This article tends to say that despite the importance of the cultural theories of international relations and the role of culture as basic variables of foreign policy, politics and the political factors have a more vital place in shaping the relations between states in global and regional levels, thus capable of intensifying and weakening the cultural relations and cooperation. After a review of the cultural and civilizational turn in international relations and foreign policy theories, and the theory of Iranian civilization’ s basin and the concept of cultural Iran, the author argues that politics and political factors play more important role and somehow overshadow the cultural and civilizational ties. By concentrating on Iran-Tajikistan cultural cooperation, especially in reviving the ancestral alphabet (Persian) to replace the Russian (Cyrillic), the author explains how politics in general and political differences in particular, brought those enthusiastic and cherished efforts into a stalemate if not a deadlock.

Competition in obtaining scientific authority and effective influence on other countries, with the tools of science and technology, and especially in the form of scientific diplomacy, is a topic that has been taken into consideration by most countries of the region, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey in recent years. Accordingly, the present paper poses the main question: "How do Iran and Turkey exploit the capacities of scientific diplomacy to achieve scientific authority in the Middle East? " The hypothesis of the article is to extract its findings through a descriptive-analytical method and through the implementation of activities Iran and Turkey are seeking to achieve scientific authority in the region. "Using scientific diplomacy capacities, such as joint scientific cooperation, attracting elites and exchange programs in the form of university and research projects, establishing international universities and diversifying scientific tourism destinations, is able to obtain a place of referee To accelerate and facilitate the science of nations.

In designing the political system and its content, three areas of discussion are of interest to scholars. a. Description of the existing structure and its content b. Structural analysis and desirable ideas c. The method of transition from the present to the desired state. The present paper seeks to study the optimal political structure and its notions from the perspective of Motahhari. The main focus of the Shari'a and the teachings of Islam on the progress and excellence of man and society are the main content element, and the realization of religious populism is the most important issue in the field of political structure. The present study was prepared by descriptive-analytical and inferential method

Historically the simultaneous quest for security and development in Iranian foreign policy was paradoxical in nature. Since improving security meant losing development opportunities and efforts to boost development results in security costs. This situation corresponds to bigger challenge of security-development nexus. For Iranian policy makers in various historical epochs, determining the true relations of those two concepts was an essential challenge. This article by theoretical exploration of various security-development nexus's and further case study of Iranian-Soviet relations during 1961-1979, intents to clarify the problem of security-development nexus in a broader Iranian foreign policy. Iranian-Soviet relations reveals that Pahlavi Regime used the securitization of development as a model for responding to both security and development demands. The model results in a misbalance of security and development in Iranian foreign policy. The lack of coherent policy making process which could coordinate developmental tasks with security concerns, results in failure of the both policies.

Since the establishment of International Relations as an academic discipline, religion has been neglected and marginalized by scholars and theorists in a way that we can consider IR as the most secular sub branch of social sciences. Scholars usually offer some reasons and justifications why to neglect religion and consider it irrelevant to international relations namely: the implications of modernity in western societies, the spread of secularism as an established principle, the Westphalian order of international system, the dominance of rationalist meta-theory, and the materialistic essence of IR mainstream. This article rejects such reasons and offers this hypothesis that nowadays in the aftermath of new developments such as the emergence of post secularization and post Westphalian process, the demise of positivism which put an end to the monopoly and dominance of the mainstream and the creation of a pluralistic context in IR, the marginalization of religion in the discipline in no longer logical and acceptable and taking this important issue area into consideration in quite possible and even necessary for understanding and making sense of global environment. As a result, continuous neglecting religion in IR, leads to inefficiency in understanding and explaining new events and phenomena in the world.

In different periods of Iranian contemporary history from the Constitutional Revolution till the Oil Nationlisation Movement and the Islamic Revolution, masses of people have been one of most effective political forces that played a constructive role in Iranian politics. Since there were no stable political parties in Iran, a gap of a systematic opposition was felt, and this gap has been filled by masses in different occasions. But the character of masses is different from both the individual participants and other political forces, and therefore, understanding actions and reactions of masses need in-depth historical studies. In this research paper beside theoretical discussions, features of masses and the mobilizing powers behind them as well as counter-masses movements have been studied. In sum, it could be argued that although in Iranian contemporary history a few political forces have shown a good ability in mass mobilisation, the clerics, hand in hand with merchants and guilds, have shown the most successful mobilizing power.

Intuitive multi-page decision making matrix model knows The solutions and the decisions of policy makers in the field of foreign policy decision-making of multiple strategies including optimum strategies (and not always the maximum) at the time of making decisions Design a strategy, a set of practices and procedures which are the decision makers involved in the choice between multiple solutions As well as the decision rule that dictates how the results of the above-mentioned choice used in making real decisions so that policy-makers to apply a two-stage process A preliminary study of the solutions available and choose the best solution from among the list of results first step towards minimizing risk and maximizing profits That's why this model is better than other current models of decision-making in foreign policy decision-making on the nuclear policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran until explain Comprehensive Plan of Action joint.

The concept of Islamic Unity was the one that originated in contemporary history of the Indian subcontinent, and finally, expanded in its historical evolution by Sayyid Jamal in Islamic world. This concept has been always considered in terms of the conceptual dichotomy of Sectarianism and Secularism. As a result, it caused this concept to act unlike its task, that should create unity between the Islamic sects for overcoming backwardness, due to the colonial and despotism. In this article, we will try to consider the historical and socio-political contexts of creation, evolution and extension of this concept.

This research seeks to analyze the reasons and factors involved in the formation of aggressive diplomacy in foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2005-2013). In doing so, the study believes that during this period, a specific and distinct form of foreign policy was embodied in the political life of the Islamic Republic, which the main feature of it was the aggressive approach towards the West, and in particular the United States. The hypothesis of this study, based on the main proposition, is that the determination of a particular pattern of foreign policy in this period is a combination of variables of micro and macro level analysis. Accordingly, James Rosen's Hybrid pattern has been chosen as the theoretical framework for this research. In this Hybrid model, at the micro-level analysis of four variables include idiosyncratic, roles, government structure and social context, and at the level of international analysis, the structure of the international structure have a significant role. The article descriptive-analytical type and data collection is based on and documentation and libraries.

The conflict between tradition and modernity, has led to the identity crisis in Iran's contemporary society. This identity crisis with the arrival and spread of nativism took an anti-western and anti-modern direction. At the beginning it was seemed that Islamism can get both tradition and modernity together and solve the conflict between them. But the Iran's post-revolution experiences has not confirm this idea. A combination of nativism and the critique of development with an anti-modern and anti-western stance, constructed the Islamic Republic of Iran’ s development discourse. Although the forming conditions of the former are very modern, it was trying to enter a traditional and original content, mostly with religious themes, in the meaning of development. And the latter, inspired by non-traditional and largely by western and postmodern thinkers sought to deny and reject modernity and the prevalent meaning of development in favor of the traditional content. Moreover, there are several and antagonistic signifiers in the discourse of the Islamic Republic, as the dominant post revolutionary discourse, that are not articulated firmly and this activated the tradition versus modern debate again. This created conflicts that eventually led to the departure of the Islamic Republic from development discourse.

Large and impressive revolution, faced with the challenges to achieve their goals. Pathology of leaders and supporters of a revolution, revolution provides field reversal This, in theory revolution "Trmyndvr theory" is well known. The main concern of fans every revolution, the pathology is the process of achieving the goals of the revolution.

In the more than 25 years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia has sought to reestablish Moscow as a superpower. To achieve this, Kremlin has tried to affirm Russian influence in various regions around the world. As such, the Middle East as an important Geo-strategic region has become more important than ever before for Russia. One of the most important issues of this region has been the rising tensions between Iran and Israel, during which Moscow has sought good relations with both powers simultaneously. Such an approach can be analyzed based on Vladimir Putin's foreign policy doctrine that is based on realism. This article examines Russian foreign policy toward Israel and how this has affected Russia-Iran relations.

Good data as one of the most effective evidence for policy-making is able to remove policy barriers and provide policy reforms. However, many policy makers face barriers for using data to formulate policy. So, the aim of this study is to identify barriers and appropriate features of data for using in policy-making. In this regard, the barriers facing policy makers for using data in policy-making are identified by interview, and then appropriate features of data to overcome barriers are presented in three categories as dimensions, elements, and indicators by using framework analysis approach. The results show that the most important dimensions of data quality for using in policy-making are: availability, reliability, relevance, and presentation quality. Also, the most important elements of data quality for using in policy-making are: accessibility, timeliness, accuracy, consistency, integrity, independency, transparency fitness, and readability.

The aim of the present text is highlighting the importance of psychological defense mechanisms in identifying politicians’ behaviors. Everyone uses psychological defense mechanisms in everyday life, especially in sensitive situations; politicians are not also an exception to this condition. But the way the defense mechanisms are used are different. Identifying that how different defense mechanisms are used, especially among politicians, can reveal a part of political behavior in the past and present. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the present study is recognizing the political behavior of politicians through the psychological defense mechanisms which provides an important tool for identifying their personality. Those politicians who use immature and neurotic defensive mechanisms pose more risks to their community and international events. In contrast, those politicians who use mature defensive mechanisms for political positions will have a more confident political behavior. In the present study, using the memoirs and works of some people in politics of Iran and the world, we have examined a totality in their behavioral attitudes. Totally, most of the politicians, especially in closed governments, have immature psychological defenses. Thus, the effects these individuals personally make on collective behavior and politics is institutionalized in the collective psychological structure for a long time; so the political situation of society leads towards development or unpleasant political consequences.