Journal of Community Development (Rural and Urban)
Year:2020 | Volume:11 | Issue:2|Papers Count:12

Collective disputes can jeopardize peace and security issues, as a result, the quality of life in society. In this study, the main problem of the generation researchers pace of changes in the roots of collective disputes in the village of Holy Abdullah (AS) in the political area Hendijan the central city of Khuzestan province. Researchers have used for data collection techniques such as interviews and observations. Data analysis was performed thematic analysis technique. 6-person and third-person interviews with two authors also conducted qualitative interviews with five people on an individual basis The results show that the roots of the conflict in the economic, cultural, have changed over time. The economic factors show the passage of time is what underlies the conflict. In the first and second generations of conflict over water wells. In the third generation of the Islamic Revolution and rural access to tap water, well water has decreased the importance of the struggle. Also in the first and second generation product over eating by cattle and the hay harvest Ambrosia conflict occurred, resulting in the selection of contractor for third-generation conflict over oil and land and property rights has been agriculture. Besides the dispute over the choice of contractor for oil well dispute over land can also be mentioned. Among second and third generation due to specific geographical aspects of the land dispute over property rights has increased. What cultural factors among three generations in the context of conflict have created Tayfhgrayy and tribal prejudice and ignorance is the norm. The dispute over tribal fanaticism led in the third generation of the first and second generation is less. Tayfhgrayy and intergroup marriage in the first and second generation of people has been one of the main causes of conflict and violence. Completely inter marriages between first generation and different tribes were not allowed to marry the person with the exception of your tribe. If someone had a desire to marry another clan with clan elders prevented by one. This inhibition leads to strife and sometimes hatred and turbidity was between individuals. By examining the rural youth are the third generation of a change in marriage. of their show. Third-generation set of social values have learned that varies with the values of their parents. Parents due to social and economic dependence on their children to change loop in the neck. Different values of the third generation of the large number of youth migration from villages. The results shows that ignoring convention is known as a common phenomenon among three generationsThe third generation after the death of the young generation of elders and the lack of underlying dispute is the land of their fathers. The pace of changes in Tayfhgrayy talk show that prejudice and Tayfhgrayy was higher among first and second generationSo that the elders did not accept the marriage with people of other tribes. By examining the third generation Tayfhgrayy and less biasbut still people in time of trouble and strife, though they are right there to support and advocate their clan. According to a study that so far the pace of changes over time, there has been conflict.

The main purpose of the research is designing community-based empowerment pattern with capacitating approach in rural regions of Sistan and Baluchistan Province. The methodology is qualitative and based on grounded theory that its process consists of three phases such as open, axial and selective coding and is implemented through depth interview with experts in this field. So, semi-structured with 18 experts in this field (containing organizational managers, academic professors and social facilitators) by using purposeful approach and using conceptual saturation criterion. The results from data analysis during 3 steps coding identified 286 concept that by more filterings and omitting duplicated items finally 269 saturated concepts were made that in axial coding were categorized in 27 categories and in this research they are proposed in paradigm model such as: reasoned circumstances (abundant potential abilities and potentials, population and environmental structure, placing the rural regions in boundary area, being high the poverty and deprivation index, the importance of rural development in national development, the growth of rural migration into cities), phenomenon orientation (capacitating the domestic community), strategies (economic, entrepreneurial and employment, educating and psychologic, institutional, organizational and legal, cultural and social, team making, networking and domestic management), basic situations (personal, environmental and organizational factors), intermediating factors (social and cultural factors, educational factors, institutional and governmental factors, economic factors, environmental and geographical factors) and outcomes (entrepreneurship development in rural regions, activating the community and domestic stakeholders, improving cultural and educational status, ascending social capital, domestic capacitating, improving health and welfare indexes) and in selective coding phase, by using “ story handwriting” and “ memory writing” the main category is related to other categories and the social oriented empowerment pattern is edited and offered.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impacts of the income structure of Isfahan urban municipalities on the extent of urban development and the presentation of executive solutions to achieve the desired situation. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in natures that were used documentation and field research (questionnaire) to collect data and information. Also, were used VIKOR and ANP models for data analysis in order to prioritize Isfahan municipalities from the perspective of income and urban development and was used GIS software to draw maps. The statistical population of the study was citizens over 15 years old in Isfahan city and 450 people were surveyed by simple random method. The results show that the total income of Isfahan municipalities is in desirable condition, but in terms of sustainable incomes only municipalities of 10 and 14 Zones are in desirable status and 7 is Zone in moderate condition. The results also show that the municipality's total revenue, sustainable municipal revenue, as well as development are only directly correlated in 4 and 7 Zones. There is also a direct relationship between total municipal revenue and development in 1, 3, 6, 8, 12 and 14 zones and between sustainable municipal revenue and development in 2, 9, 11 and 15 zones. These interpretations suggest that the municipality's total revenue is a factor in the development of municipal areas, while stable income does not necessarily show such an effect.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the barriers to investment and business in Iran's rural border regions. In this study, 38 participants including entrepreneurs, activists and business owners of rural areas of the country's border regions as well as officials, managers and experts of rural and economic affairs of the border provinces of the country were used to collect data. The collected data have been analyzed by qualitative analysis methods, especially the thematic analysis method. The results of this study show that the barriers to investment in the rural border regions of the country fall into four socio-cultural, economic, institutional and physical sectors and access. In the economic sector, "access to financial and economic facilities and resources", "crude sales and lack of processing facilities for rural products", "marketing problems and access to markets for sale" and "lack of investment frontier investment / incentives and support policies of production on the border ". In the socio-cultural sector, there is "low return on education and rural empowerment". In the institutional section, "Institutional and Legal Problems in Obtaining Necessary Licenses and Coordination of Local and Provincial Institutions", "Problems Related to Land Loss and Non-Change of Land Use", "Lack of Investment Benefits in Frontier Areas / Incentive Policies and Production Support Policies" "And" Border deadlock and market issues. “ In the physical and access section, there is a "weakness in the facilities and infrastructure of border villages especially access roads".

Based on the conceptualization of James Coleman and Robert Putnam, interpersonal social capital speaks about trust-based relationships as well as reciprocity with non-virtual social networks. Indeed such social relationships take place in spaces where the ecosystems of human groups exist. Accordingly, the various urban spaces as the dominant human ecosystem in the present world can play an important role in the creation and development of social capital, especially of the interpersonal type of social capital. Therefore, this paper focuses on study the role of megamalls and local shops as different urban spaces in the types of social capital of Tehran citizens. The statistical sample of the present study was 416 people from three shopping complexes located in Tehran the capital city of Iran and local shops within 500 m of these megamalls. These three megamalls and commercial complexes are: Palladium megamall in district 1, Ekbatan megamall in district 5 and Kian megamall in district 17 of Tehran city. Also, respondents were selected in megamalls and local shops using a systematic random sampling method. The information was collected through systematic interview. The findings of the study show that shopping from megamalls has a negative effect on bridging social capital with ratio of-0. 17 and has a direct effect on bonding social capital with ratio of 0. 15 also bridging social capital effect with 0. 24 ratio on bonding social capital. On the other hand, however, purchasing from local shops with a coefficient of-0. 15 indicates a direct decreasing effect on bonding social capital. In other words, the shopping from megamalls decrise of bridging social capital. According to social network literature bridging social capital based on week tie social networks, namely the social networking of individuals with acquaintances, intimate friends, distant relatives, etc., can practically provide bridge between different networks. Conversely, due to the family pattern of shopping in megamalls, bonding social capital based on strong tie social network increases.

Investigating and acquiring knowledge of how social change has taken place in numerous historical periods, especially early in the development and expansion of the city, is of great importance in urban sociology. The purpose of this article is to examine the social changes of Tehran during the first Pahlavi period (1332-1324). Here we have used parallel research methods, historical analysis, and interpretive hermeneutics in parallel. The findings of the study show that: Tehran, which faced chaos and weakness of central power in the late Qajar period, saw changes during the period 1300 to 1320 that it had not experienced until then. Changes (such as the emergence of bureaucracy, the implementation of the new urban management system (BALDIA), the expansion of neighborhoods and the creation of new neighborhoods, the creation of numerous and numerous buildings, the creation of streets, the spatial development of the city, new occupations and jobs, the migration and growth of the urban population, etc). It changed the long-standing patterns of life in the city, promising modern urbanization. Alongside these modernization policies, we are witnessing an unprecedented intensification of Western culture in the city, especially in architecture, urbanism, and the culture and customs of the people in Tehran. The results of the study show that the new urbanization in Iran was centered on Tehran and was accompanied by modernization and urban development plans by the government to adhere to western countries, creating dramatic social changes and confronting the most unknown urban issues. The changes that urban people are simply accepting and adapting to these changes.

Marginalization, unequal work patterns, urbanization, and declining rural production are among the consequences of rural migration. The subject of this article is the study of the migration intention and the factors influencing it among the villagers of Kalat section of Abdanan city of Ilam province. Using the survey method and using the questionnaire tools, the necessary data were obtained from 341 individuals aged 15 to 45 years in the villages of Ab Anar, Halivah, Lorgheh and Abtaf Sofla by sampling multi-stage clusters. According to the hypothesis test, the significance of statistical relationship between habitat variables, job status, type of job, agricultural land ownership, social solidarity, sense of belonging to place, sense of security and income satisfaction with rural migration intent was confirmed. The results of multivariate analysis show that the variables entered into the multivariate regression equation explain 85% of the changes in the rate of migration intention. Among the independent variables, the variables of feeling of belonging to the place and the level of satisfaction with income are the most important categories affecting the intention of rural migration. These variables, in addition to directly affecting the intention to migrate, by influencing other social and economic categories, transmit the indirect effects of these independent variables on the rate of migration intention from the village.

Livestock has various applications in rural people's life including making money through the sale of meat or by-products, food security, ploughing, providing fertilizer to increase soil fertility, investment tool and so forth. In rural areas, natural disasters such as earthquakes damage the livestock shelter (LS) and consequently the livestock, and likewise jeopardizing the subsistence and occupation of local people. Therefore, reconstruction plans in rural areas need to address issues about livestock. However, studies on the experiences of relief and reconstruction of earthquake-stricken areas in Iran indicate that less attention has been paid to this issue. For the first time in the country, after the Kermanshah earthquake, a benefactor built 507 LSs for the earthquake survivors of 19 villages in the area of Salas-Babajani in Kermanshah province. In addition to introducing different aspects of this plan, this research has evaluated its effectiveness by using objective-based evaluation method. The results state that only 62 percent of all built-up LSs are being used as animal shelter, that is, target use. In other cases, the uses to which the rest of LSs are put are house, forage storehouse, odds and ends storehouse. Also, in a few cases, they have left unused. In fact, the plan has had 62 percent effectiveness. Nevertheless, the results show that the technical specifications of the designed LS building did not fully compliant with the region's climatic conditions and end-users requirements. Thus, the villagers have made copious changes in LS building so as to be able to exploit them effectively. However, the experiences of this plan can be used as a valuable accomplishment in the field of reconstruction of earthquake-stricken rural areas.

The present study has measured the part of the cognitive social capital relating to values such as participation and social cohesion. The method of this study is based on the network analysis and this network is included all local livestock beneficiaries in Yazd Province. Quantitative and qualitative information necessary for the study were collected through interviews and questionnaires of network analysis. Then through software of network analysis including UCINET and Netdraw, the relationships were analyzed using mathematical indices of density, size, link reciprocity and centralization and also the concepts of structural holes and cut points. Results indicate poor networks of participation in intergroup relationships of local beneficiaries having island social structure with fragile relationships influenced by multiple structural holes. Evaluation shows that the density index in network of participation was weak, indicating poor social cohesion and reduced resilience of livestock beneficiaries when facing with environmental stresses. The analysis of the index of link reciprocity indicates poor mutual cooperation and low stability of network. Analysis of motioned indices show that the relations structure of this community suffers from a social disorder. High centralization of central actors in internal links rather than external links is a factor preventing the formation of intermediate relationships at the macro level. Absence of these people with appropriate distribution has reduced creativity, social cohesion necessary in dealing with environmental problems especially drought.

The theoretical framework and theoretical model were prepared using theories of scholars such as Veblen, Bourdieu, Solomon, and Giddens. The study method is of survey type, and data is collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the research consists of all villagers above 18 years old in city of Khalkhal and the number is 29236, according to the Registry Office. Using Cochran formula, 380 individuals were selected employing multi-stage cluster sampling as statistical sample. Descriptive and inferential statistics, The Amos and Spss software’ s were used to analyze data. Research results showed that there is a meaningful relationship between expansion variables and tourism development, the use of communication technologies, interaction of villagers with townsmen, Industry deployment (technology entry) in rural areas and the level of economic and social status of individuals, with changes in the lifestyle and culture of consumer households in rural area.

Nowadays, democracy as a paradigm that has universal appeal and legitimacy has become a responsive ideology on a global scale. We have recently seen significant improvements in the field of democracy paradigms. Accordingly, urban planning theories have also developed in line with theories of democracy in order to accommodate contextual and substantive legitimacy. However, theoretical levels of planning in Iran have not been able to match the appropriate intellectual and temporal alignment with the paradigm shifts in democracy. The present study has attempted to evaluate the degree of convergence of Iran's urban planning system with theories of democracy by using a descriptive-analytical method and a meta-analysis. In this regard, an attempt has been made to use the main features of democratic theories and especially the recent theory of deliberative democracy, to analyze the different layers of urban development plans in Iran and as a case study the development plan of Mahabad city. The statistical population of this study includes three target groups; first, 50 stakeholders and experts related to Mahabad city development plans have been selected to identify existing procedures and the interview and questioning process has been done. The second group, consisting of 25 city managers, and the third group, 140 citizens, were randomly selected and tested. Findings of research in three levels include; 1) Relationship between planning and democracy in Iran, 2) Comparison of theoretical attributes of urban development plans in accordance with democratic procedures, 3) Evaluation of the steps of preparing the document of urban development plans, shows not only there are no paradigm symmetry between theories of democracy and content and procedure’ s Iran planning, but also It has not found at the three stages of the process, outputs and outcomes.

This article aims to examine the system of neighborhood administration in Turkey and compare it with Iran. The paper focuses on the transformations of local management, neighborhood management, neighborhood management and its duties as one of the oldest local elements in Turkish city and village. This study is applied in terms of purpose and comparative in terms of information analysis. The method of this study is descriptive – analytical, which uses qualitative and documentary study method to collect data and information from various legal and historical sources and documents and to use reliable websites such as Istanbul Municipality site to analyze the status of management. The neighborhood of Turkey has paid. Also, a chart containing neighborhood management tasks in Iran and Turkey has been compiled to compare the neighborhood administration in these two conntries. The findings of the article show that the system of neighborhood administration in Turkey is more democratic than that of neighborhord tenure and council in Iran, indicating closer and participation of people in neighborhood decisions. Neighborhood councilors are elected by direct vote against the mayor and district vote against the mayor and district administration in the cities.