Journal of Literary Studies
Year:2020 | Volume:53 | Issue:1 (208)|Papers Count:6

1. Introduction: If we do not say that Hafez is the greatest employer of the novel technique of ambiguity in Persian, we can at least acknowledge that the novel and unique technique of "ambiguity" is present in the structure of most of Hafez's poems and is among the poets of ambiguity. On the other hand, the use of irony is one of the reasons why Hafez's poetry is widely understood by common groups of people, as Zarrinkoub points out: The use of colloquial words and sarcasm of the common people is also sometimes graceful. By this usage, Hafez's poems will receive a special elegance and we can say that although Hafez's poems are scientific, but the irony doesn't hurt its body. And it gives a special elegance to his poetry, and on the one hand, it is easy to make Hafez’ s words prosperous, even though it is refined, wise, and to an industrial extent, the use of vulgar and market words and allusions (Zarinkoub, 2004). . . .

1. Introduction: Meaning of notions and idioms changes over time. Hence, we necessarily ought not to compare the novel understandings of the meaning of such concepts with that of the predecessors. If the aim is to interpret an idiom, one must employ an evolutionary look, trying to grasp the processes through which the idiom transforms over time. If the purpose is to paraphrase a text, there is no urge to study its past. Among the terms associated explicitly with poetry and prose, and generally with literacy, are the “ disturbed order” and its related equivalents such as “ disordered literacy” and “ disturbed figures. ” These concepts have had special meanings to the people of the past, which included poetry and prose that were either unconsidered or were of low quality. Some of the researchers and interpreters, nonetheless, have a different understanding of this term. Drawing upon the use of this term in the poetry of Hafiz, they argue that “ disturbed order” implies that Hafiz’ s poetry, although disturbed in appearance, has a firm order in its core. In this vein, the old interpretations, when compared to today’ s scholars, give a completely different implication. This paper endeavors first to introduce the background and history of this term in ancient poetry and prose and then evaluate the contemporary understandings of it. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the significance of the evolution of notions and shed light on an idiom and its equivalents that had a specific meaning in the past poetry and prose. . . .

1. Introduction: Since the beginning of the 21st century and with the arrival of "Web2" in Iran, technological changes and the development of cyberspace have brought about tangible changes in various areas of social and cultural life, including literature and especially poetry. After the spread of blogging in Iran, the production of content in Persian in blogs clearly increased so that Persian became one of the ten languages in which most blogs in the world were written in those languages (Razi, 2018). Many literary blogs were created, and literary blogging became popular during the first decade of the 21st century. At the end of the first decade and the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century and with the development of social networks and media, the activity of poets in this field continued. Personal or group webpages and channels with the theme of poetry and literature have been created on various social media platforms. the study aimed to know how cyberspace has affected poetry, and how poets evaluate this impact as beneficial or detrimental to poetry. . .

1. Introduction: Literature as a powerful communication medium is able to affect the audience from different angles. By studying the views of theorists, it can be found out that in different periods of the history of literature, “ the Author” has used the influencing techniques to achieve goals such as persuasion, teaching, getting active, and making literary pleasure. The instrumental use of the “ influence” has faded in the postmodern era, and then the influence itself, has become a priority in the process of literary creation. Iranian postmodern poets believe that the techniques of influencing the audience in traditional rhetoric are repetitive and accordingly ineffective now. They declare that today's poets must encounter the audience from new and various angles, especially those derived from today's life. . . .

1. Introduction: The Russian Revolution of October 1917 caused Tajikistan to be under intellectual, economic, and political dominance for nearly seventy years. Over these years, Tajik literature was named Soviet-Tajik literature; and as socialist realism, the dominant literary school was formed in Tajikistan around 1920. Any mystical and religious thought was suppressed, particularly in the literature of this era. With the death of Stalin and the rise of Khrushchev, there has been an opportunity for freedom of thought and speech since 1953. Perestroika and Glasnost policy (economic reform and open political space) was founded by the last Soviet leader, Gorbachev, in 1985. After this era, religious and mystical themes came to life again, particularly with the Soviet Union collapse in 1991 as well as the declaration of independence of Tajikistan in the same year. This research, given the full-of-censorship background of Tajikistan in the period of Soviet domination, examines the recent efforts of poets in religious (Shiite) and mystical poetry and reviews this theme in today’ s poetry in this country. The most important question is: how has the evolution of religious (Shiite) and mystical themes been in contemporary Tajik poetry? Poetic evidence from contemporary Tajik poets are analyzed and this statistical community constitutes the most prominent Tajik poets of religious and mystical concepts to answer the question. . . .

1. Introduction: Reading the works of some Persian poets and writers such as Khaqani, Nezami, Beihaqi, etc. we face a rare usage of the word "sneezing" ( عطسه ) in a particular sense which is related to the concepts of reproduction and father son ralationship. In the explanatory notes on these works there is no comprehensive explanation elaborating on the reason for the poet or the writer’ s usage of the word "sneezing" in this sense. Most of the scholars refered to some Islamic mtyhs but none of the myths make the relationship between sneezing and reproduction clear enough. The fact that the word is used in the same sense in English and French idioms and expressions (both comparing a child who looks exactly like his father to the father’ s spit), raises the question as to whether there is any ancient myth which can be considered as the origin of this particuar usage of "sneezing" in different languages? According to the studies of Horn (2004) and Gadalla (2018), who traced respectively the origin of the English and French idioms, the ralationship between Sneezing and reproduction has its roots in an ancient Egyptian myth. The goal of this study is to show how the ancient myth has transformed to appear as a metaphor in Persian literature. . . .