History of Islam and Iran
Year:2021 | Volume:31 | Issue:51 (141)|Papers Count:7

Regarding Nader Shah and his actions, historians have provided various and conflicting evaluations, yet the history of Nader Shah and his actions depict the picture of the temperaments and characteristics of the Iranian society inherited from from the Safavid period. There is no doubt that Nader Shah, as one of the most powerful generals of the war, was able to restore the Safavid Empire by the force of the sword and in the light of his military genius. Although Nader Shah's inevitable wars to expel the aliens and ensure security resulted in casualties to manpower and economic expenses, he ambitiously continued his conquests after punishing and expelling the aggressors. The twenty-one-year wars lead by him (1139-1160) with the Afghans, Ottomans, Indians, Bukhara Khanates, Khwarezm, and the internal arrogance destroyed human capital, ruined the country's wealth as well as destroying the trade centers, agricultural lands, economic centers and causing the spread of poverty. In fact, instead of devoting himself to improving agricultural infrastructure, developing business centers and increasing economic revenues to cover the costs of his wars, Nader undertook discrete institutional reformations in the Safavid institutions that increased governmental dominance over economic resources. This descriptive-analytical method, using the theory of institutionalism by Douglas North, evaluates the changes that Nader Shah made in the institutions left from the Safavid era and shows how his institutional changes affected the economic performance of the Afshari period. On the other hand, it examines the consequences of Nader Shah's policies on the agricultural and commercial situation of the Afshari era and explains the conditions of the economic activists of this period.

Accommodation and hospitality facilities are some of the most significant infrastructures of the tourism industry, of which providing them for foreign tourists has been a concern among governmental officials Since the beginning of the Pahlavi era. It is of considerable importance to study the status of accommodation and hospitality facilities in Isfahan, as one of the tourism hubs of the country, which has always been the center of tourist attractions from the Ṣafavīd period until the present day. With this approach, the purpose of this study is a chronological overview of the development of tourist facilities, in the province of Isfahan, during developmental plans and comparing it with other states and tourism hubs in the Pahlavī period. The results of this study showed that the Plan Organization did not allocate funds for tourist facilities before the establishment of the Tourist Attraction Organization in 1963, despite acknowledging the importance of developing the tourism industry in the country. During the Fourth and Fifth Development Plans, the Tourist Attraction Organization took many measures in the field of construction as well as the development of accommodation and hospitality facilities. However, the province of Isfahan has a small share of the transformation in the country's accommodation and hospitality facilities. Disregarding the central provinces with Tehrān as the capital, the provinces of Fārs, Ḵorāsān, Ḵūzestān, Māzandarān, and Gilān had more accommodation facilities than the province of Isfahan had at the time. This research utilizes the historical analysis method with a descriptive and analytical approach based on archival documents and government reports, active interviews, and library studies.

According to the content of jurisprudential and legal books compiled during the Sāssānīān period and according to scholars of this field, gender is one of the basis and criteria that make a difference between the legal status of individuals in society, as the duties and rights of women in social structures and institutions in accordance with legal laws, show the inferior position of women to men. This superiority of men over women in the content of some texts of this period, such as the text of Ardāvīrāfnāme, belonging to the sixth century AD and the reign of Ḵosrow Anūšīrvān (539-579 AD), is quite evident. Most of the content of this prophetic text refers to the description of the hellish punishments of women who have failed or committed sins in the field of family and marital relations. On the other hand, we know that Mazdak had a special and, of course, deconstructive view of women. The official sources of the Sassanid’s have negatively assessed Mazdak's slogans and goals about women. But following Mazdak's special approach to women in society, under the slogan of equality for all, women were granted freedoms that resulted in norm-breaking behavior by people, generally in the lower classes of society, which ultimately led to disorder and corruption. In this article, an attempt is made based on Avestan, Pahlavi, Persian, and Arabic sources in the heart of the Iranian social system, to introduce the production of the text of Ardavirafnameh as a corrective reaction by religious men and government officials against the irregularities and corruption caused by the dissemination of Mazdaki teachings in the Iranian society. It was understood that the production of this text was a corrective and purposeful action in the direction of Ḵosrow Anūšīrvān's social reforms to restore order in the society after Mazdak’s uprising.

One of the most important issues in the medical and health field of the Iranian society, during the second half of the Qajar era, was the relationship between patient and physician. The nature of these relationships at that time was one of the most important things that could have a great impact on how people were health-wise examined and treated; individually and generally. Regarding the patient-physician relationship, a number of sociologists around the world have offered a theoretical model, one of which is the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. In this article, using a descriptive-analytical research method facilitating first-hand sources such as memoirs and travelogues, the relationship between upper-class patients and European physicians based on the Parsons role-oriented model is investigated. The research questions are: Did the patients of the upper classes during the second half of the Qajar era have the conditions to play the social role of the patient? Did European physicians in this era have the conditions to play the social role of the doctor? Findings indicate that in the second half of the Qajar era, both the upper class patient and the European physician were able to play their social role in the cycle of patient-physician relations. However, issues such as patients' malingering were among the influential factors that could disrupt the normal course of patientphysician relationships during this period.

The use of published research contents and the application of maps provided in such research is one of the most important ways to accurately discover and understand the location of ancient cities and their spatial analysis. The present research intends to identify the geographical location of the ancient city of Ray and its urban structure by referring to historical documents and maps, including maps provided by Robert Ker Porter and Pascal Coste, Wolfram Kleiss, aerial photographs of Eric Schmidt and Hussein Kariman’ s map. This study has been conducted using a descriptiveanalytical method and referring to content analysis of published sources and texts. In general, historical maps and documents play a significant role in locating Shahr-e-Rey in the early Islamic centuries. The results depict that some of these maps bear shortcomings, as such, they should be studied side by side. Through studying the maps and historical documents it became evident that Kohandej was located in the north of the city and along the Mount Tabarak. Moreover, it is observed that Sharestan area in the south of Kohendej was separated by a fence and rampart. The suburbs and Rabaz of the city were surrounded by a fortified rampart and fence. The fence and rampart in the west surrounded Imam Zadeh Abdollah’ s shrine, passing along the northwest, then southwards passing through Qala Gabri, as the southern gate of the city, leading towards the western slopes. According to the study and investigation of historical maps and documents, it is found that the city has been developed and expanded on the southern and western parts.

This article deals with the tea industry's contribution to Iran's economy during the oil nationalization movement and assesses the role of the tea industry in achieving the oil-free economy policy in the National government. This article is based on unpublished documents from the National Iranian Documents’ Organization and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Records also in order to enhance our understanding of the situation newspapers and some other published sources have been emphasized onto depict the importance of the issue. The research method of this study is that of an descriptive-analytical approach, thus this study seeks to show how the ups and downs of tea imports were during the economic sanctions in the period of oil nationalization and how the government managed to expand the domestic production of tea to save money, also what role this industry played to compensate the currency shortages. Therefore, the main question of this paper is whether the policy of restricting imports and developing domestic tea production could have solved an important problem amongst the many problems of the national government or not. The results show that despite the government's efforts to increase tea production and prevent its unauthorized entry into the country, the product failed to play a significant role in implementing the oil-free economy program.

Modernization in Reza Shah's government necessitated the adoption of a clear lingual policy in the fields of administration and education. The lingual policy adopted during this period was to use Persian and to marginalize other Iranian languages. The present article addresses the question: what was the discourse strategy to establish a unified language policy during the first Pahlavi period? To analyze this issue, theoretical views with the following conceptual structure were expressed: Reza Shah's government with "crisis in the moral order of society", "mobilization of resources" and "chains of intellectual interaction" sought to establish an attained discourse. This research has analyzed the approvals of the Higher Education Council using Fairclough’ s Critical Discourse analysis method. Findings from the analysis of the text of the resolutions show that the discourse order of this council, on the subject of language policy, has been centralized and uniformed, according to the context and social conditions of this period, in which cultural nationalism based on the Persian language had become dominant. The results show that the authoritarian government of Reza Shah, by implementing the modernization project, strengthened the network of intellectual interaction, mobilized existing resources and facilities, created instability in the previous moral and cultural order, strengthening the unifying the Language Policy Discourse.