Culture of Islamic Architecture and Urbanism Journal
Year:2022 | Volume:6 | Issue:2|Papers Count:12

The historical monuments of Iranian architecture are significantly alive and narrate the historical destiny of the Iranian nation. The utilization of metaphor to understand the spirit of place and referencing to the mystical literature of Iran determines the general framework in this article because spirituality is a vital aspect of the historic works of Iranian architecture. One of the most important reasons for writing this article is to study the unknown capacity of Iranian historical architectures to develop a correct interaction between humans and historical sites. The main purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive definition of PIR as a concept beyond common knowledge and can be generalized to everything that has life and its adaptation to the historical monuments of Iranian architecture. John Ruskin says I want to highlight how the ineffable, unpresentable, sensual, heterogeneous possibilities of contemporary cities are particularly evident in their industrial ruins. Ruins may become spaces for leisure, adventure, cultivation, acquisition, shelter, and creativity. The greatest glory of a building is in its age, when we build; let us think that we build forever. Let it not be for present delight, nor present use alone; let it be such work as our descendants will thank us for, and let us think, as we lay stone on stone, that a time is to come when those stones will be held sacred because our hands have touched them. Indeed, the greatest glory of a building is not in its stones, nor its gold. Its glory is in its age, and the deep sense of voicefulness, of stern watching, of mysterious sympathy, nay, even of approval condemnation, which we feel in walls that have long been washed by the passing waves of humanity. Buildings achieve such voicefulness from the succeeding generations that use them. One thing we cannot do with the past is replicate it. Then, this definition is compared with old architectures of Iran, and, using a phenomenological method, the applications of “ PIR” in Persian literature have been investigated. In the following article, the adaptability of this understanding from PIR was investigated with architectural heritage and with a comparative method; the possible similarities between these two themes were proved. Aging is defined by passing time quantitatively. However, the “ PIR” formation concept is based on the passing time with specific conditions. Imparting the human to serenity and spiritual felicity is the most significant duty of the “ PIR” or Perfect Human that is achieved by referring to archetype. The “ old wise man” introduced by Jung is perfectly similar to the “ PIR” Iranian concept. In his philosophy, the archetype is originated from the collective unconscious of the person, a pronoun that is containing several thousands of human experiences and archetype pictures. Since PIR is a formed picture of active wise and described as a holly person in the heavenly realm in Sohrevardi epistles, this similarity emerged. As a conclusion of this paper, the spirit of place in Iranian historical architectures contains a kind of life that is a gift from the ancient wisdom of humans. As a result, Iranian historic architecture can play its role as a PIR in society, and their nature changes from a museum to a relaxing and educating place.

Historic houses are among the valuable architectural monuments of Iran. One of the main problems in realizing the design of the historical houses is to identify the arithmetic features of the plan and their interior court-yard faç ade. appearance, correctly by analyzing the geometric and arithmetic proportions, the arrangement of openings, entrances, axes, the transfer of the geometric system of the plan to the facade can reveal the characteristic features of historic houses. It is necessary to know the position of these two components, the interior plans of the historical houses of Isfahan. According to the mentioned goal, we try to address two general questions in this regard. Extensive research has been done in the field of geometry and interior design of houses, but the geometric arithmetic role of the article throughout history has been mentioned to a limited extent. This article tries to arithmetically identify the geometric components of house facades. Analysis of geometric systems in facade components is a topic for further research. The present article examined the general systems and structures in the formation of the Isfahan indexes, as well as the proportions and shapes that gave rise to these systems. The approach of the research is geometric and arithmetic analysis. The data collection is based on field studies and mainly impressions obtained by comparing the geometric features of these facades. In the study of the geometric system of the facades of houses, in the rhythm of the arrangement of the openings, there are numbers 3, 5, 7, which these repetitive arithmetic properties have affected the shape characteristics of the facade length. Mainly, the horizontal axes in these facades of various historical houses in Isfahan were four or more and the number of their vertical axes was four. The division system was mainly such that the input was on the right and left; In the middle, there was a sash frame and in houses whose vertical axis is more than four, the division system is mainly such that the sash is in the middle, the two sides of the sash are in; And next to the door; There is also a sash or several doors. In traditional houses, the greater the number of vertical axes, the number of entrance doors, several doors and the number of sash shafts. The data analysis revealed; Frames have the same number of divisions in each floor and the framing in the middle opening is larger than the other openings. The research results indicated that the facade geometric results from the proportions of the dimensions and surfaces of the openings, their locations affected by the geometric of the facade which have led to the information of meaningful repetitive ratios in the facade. Although these systems may have changed throughout the history of historical homes, they have persisted until recent decades and could be used by architects as a set of indicators to design similar items in the future.

Several factors affect the social and cultural identity of men and women and the relationship between gender and architecture, including religious, cultural and social beliefs, as well as norms, social values and gender freedom in the contexts of family and society. The present study tries to investigate the role of cultural and religious beliefs in the construction of gender and space to find the effect of gender-related religious and cultural issues on the characteristics of the architecture of religious places of different religions in the Safavid Period. It also makes an attempt to discover forms and spatial elements of the studied spaces that characterize gender differences corresponding to the component of religious beliefs. Therefore, the general hypothesis of the research is that different religious beliefs in different religions change the relationship between gender and space in different types of worship places in Isfahan and this issue can be seen in the form-plan structure of these religious places. To test this hypothesis, after reviewing the research literature, first the religious places of different religions in different historical periods were examined and then to explain and analyze the functional relationships, Safavid travelogues were perused. To investigate the problem, using a historicalinterpretive and a descriptive-analytical method, a number of religious spaces of different religions, which mainly belonged to the Safavid historical period in Isfahan, were selected and their physical and spatial elements were analyzed. The samples were examined and those with analyzable documents, maps and feminine spaces were considered. The final samples were selected from the items with the characteristics of gendered spaces which mostly differed from the other ones. Accordingly, using the method of comparative research, the relationship between gender and space was evaluated and compared by examining the gender domain and the separation of physical privacy in the worship places of three religions. After collecting the required maps, the spatial relations analysis began. At this stage, first the plans were analyzed in general and then the physical and spatial elements of these religious places, including the entrances, the places of worship and the places where women sit were compared to each other. It was shown that in Jewish synagogues of Isfahan, the gendered spaces were more expanded, the spaces were segregated according to gender differences, and single-gender spaces were more common. In addition, it was found that gender boundaries in mosques were less than in synagogues. Religious beliefs have further reduced the physical and gender boundaries of churches. The results show that cultural and religious beliefs affected the relationship between gender and space and the differences in gendered structures in different religions caused significant changes in the formation of the framework of worship places. Moreover, religious freedom in Christianity caused the freer use of the religious spaces as an example of architecture following religious beliefs. In addition, in synagogues with more religious restrictions, the function of spaces was more limited and segregated. Mosques also had special restrictions according to the limits of Islamic rules and principles. Accordingly, the formal and spatial elements in the studied religious places indicated gender differences in accordance with religious beliefs. Therefore, the present study confirms the role of religion in creating gendered spaces and its relationship with the organization of architectural elements of religious places in different religions.

Columns and their architecture have a major role in recognition of each architectural style in the history of world architecture. Persian architecture is not an exception and a simple glance towards the architecture reveals existence of huge diversity of columns in each era. This is while after ancient times, in contrast to their western rivals, not only column's diversity has not been studied in any major resources, but conducting research regarding their typology and structural components were also reduced. In fact, with the passage of time and manifestation of vault architecture in the Sassanid period and Parthian style, for various reasons such as advances in construction technologies and the increase of curved ceilings against flat roofs or the emergence of the first approaches and tendencies of introversion in Iranian architecture, the columns prominent role in architecture has decreased and hence vault and domes’ architectural study replaced the columns’ research. However, due to the travel of artists, intellectuals and architects to Europe in Qajar era, one can see the influence of European architecture in various aspects of architecture throughout Iran. The noble and aristocratic family houses started to imitate European palaces and mansions. Columns one more time started to play more important roles in Iranian architecture. The tendency towards extroversion in architecture and also the use of gables that were common at that time, provided the means for the re-appearance of columns in the facade of the buildings and as a result huge decorated columns in the villas and palaces of the rich appeared. This paper by stratified sampling with disproportionate allocation of 100 columns in Shiraz and their precise study tries to elucidate the evolution of columns within Shiraz from Safavids to mid-Pahlavi era. To conduct research, in the first stage, with reference to historical resources about Shiraz such as Shirazname reference books, a list of buildings that the architecture of their columns was described were extracted and studied (43 columns were surveyed). Then, by referring to the documents available in the Research Institute of Shiraz Cultural Heritage Organization, a separate list of registered buildings in Shiraz that has columns was extracted and their columns were surveyed (24 columns). Finally, in order to comprehensively study the morphology of Shiraz columns and considering the possibility that there are species of valuable columns that have been neglected in the previous lists, two of the oldest neighborhoods of Shiraz (namely Sang-e Siah and Sar Bagh) were visited house by house and if there existed a new column’ s type in these houses, it was surveyed (33 columns). In the second stage a complete list of main characteristics and features of all surveyed columns – including their constitutional components’ dimensions, types, materials, structures, plans, sections and etc.-were provided and documented separately as unique identity data sheet for each column. Finally, these extracted ID data sheets were studied to provide a logical and comprehensive structure for classifying the Shiraz columns based on their constituent components. Accordingly, it tries to present a comprehensive framework for recognition of column's types based on their structural elements' typology as a main tool for classification of Persian columns. This framework can be used as a reference base for studying column's typology in Persian architecture. Accordingly, this paper by manipulation of the given framework reveals how each era's column architecture differs from the others due to the morphology of their structural elements-plinths, pedestals, bases, shafts, capitals and bolsters-in Shiraz. Finally, apart from depiction of wide diversity of columns with different classes in Shiraz, the paper also shows the frequency distribution of each element's types within the city.

What distinguishes mankind from other creatures is that man has been settled within a world of meaning. Urban space as a cultural context is a space that includes spatial and mental aspects and the presence of man and his actions in that space is very important in its meaning. The importance of research on the meaning of urban space arises from qualitative aspects in human-environmental issues. Patterns and models related to the perception and recognition of human meanings of the environment in Western societies may not be relevant in accordance with Islamic culture. In the analysis of this process, the use of sciences related to cognitive and perceptual structures of the individual to explain the process of meaning development in urban space seems necessary and allows the study of situated processes involved in the formation of meaning perception. On the other hand, the cognitive-situated process of meaning perception in Islamic philosophy can be studied through the theory of Conventional perception (E’ tebariat) theory and the philosophical level is a step to localize and recognize the cognitive-cultural process of developing environmental meanings. This study seeks to explain the position of Conventional perception theory in the situated meaning of urban space and for this purpose, by comparative study of meaning perception process from the perspective of situated cognition theory and Conventional perception theory of Allameh, uses two fields of cognitive science and Islamic philosophy. By examining the factors of Conventional (E’ tebari) meanings development in urban spaces in accordance with the theory of situated cognition, the situated process of meaning development in urban space is presented from the perspective of Conventional perception theory. According to the research findings, the situated process of meaning development can be explained according to Conventional perception theory in two processes: contextual and voluntary processes. In the contextual process of meaning development, real perceptions under the influence of one's theoretical science lead to the development of real meanings of urban space. This process is in accordance with reality (objective facts) and is therefore a process with a fixed structure. The process underlies the development of the urban space meaning in Conventional perception theory based on objective facts in urban space. In this process, every urban space is a bed of artificial and natural physical affordances that can be perceived and identified by the physical and objective factors in it. In the voluntary process of meaning development, unrealistic perceptions under the influence of one's practical intellect lead to the development of Conventional meanings from the environment. Conventional meanings are defined based on real meanings and in line with the will of the individual have individual and collective actions as the real effects of Conventional meanings. Individual Conventional meanings are universal and social Conventional meanings are specific and variable meanings that depend on time and place situations. The voluntary process of meaning development in Conventional perception theory is based on the Conventional meanings of the environment. In the voluntary process of meaning development, unrealistic perceptions under the influence of one's practical intellect lead to the development of Conventional meanings of urban space. Conventional meanings are defined based on real meanings that have individual and collective actions as the real effects. Individual Conventional meanings are universal, and social Conventional meanings are specific and variable, which depend on time and place situations and are always redeveloped by changing Conventional meanings. In this process, each urban space is a bed of cognitive-social affordances that can be perceived and identified by the Conventional characteristics attributed to it, and culture is the main background for the formation of these affordances. Considering that the field of Islamic urbanism is a nascent branch of urbanism, in order to theorize, explain and strengthen the scientific position of this field at the philosophical level and studying issues related to man and the environment from the perspective of Islamic thought. Tabatabai's Conventional perception theory is a step towards localization of Western theories.

The use of pavilions and geometric principles in the design and construction of buildings in Iran is one of its architectural principles, so that in most buildings from the past to the present it is well considered and buildings that lack it are considered worthless. The house is one of the most important man-made structures that meets various human needs. In the architecture of the center of the Iranian plateau, the house is composed of various components, the most important of which is the central courtyard as a small garden in the heart of the house. The central courtyard, while connecting all the spaces, meets a variety of needs as well. The city of Kashan is several thousand years old and has a rich historical context with valuable houses. According to research, it is likely that these houses have been formed with their beautiful and coherent architecture with special geometric thinking and systems, and geometric principles have been used to build them. Now the main issue of this research is what geometric proportions and architectural systems have been used in the design and implementation of the central courtyard and its walls. The purpose of this study is to extract the architectural systems and geometric proportions used in the design of the central courtyard of the Qajar period houses in Kashan and to investigate the frequency of each of them. This research is based on the method of analysis of architectural systems and geometric proportions of the courtyard and its walls in ten houses of the Qajar period in Kashan in order to extract the architectural systems and its geometric proportions. The statistical population has been selected based on the index of the building and the existence of sufficient data related to the research objectives. Also, in selecting the houses, an attempt was made to consider different scales of houses, from large-scale to small-scale in different parts of the historical area of the city. In terms of time, the studied samples are limited to the Qajar period. First, by examining the architectural systems and geometric proportions, three architectural systems, four, five, six and three geometric proportions √ 2, √ 3 and √ 4, were selected as the index geometric principles. Then, according to these principles, the map of the central courtyard of ten historical houses in Kashan was analyzed. The results of this study indicate that the entire yard is built with the previous design and follows the above architectural systems and geometric proportions. These systems and proportions can be seen in part and in general in the plans and wall constructions around the yard. Of course, this does not mean that all houses have all these six architectural systems and geometric proportions, but in some houses, some of these proportions and architectural systems have not been used. Architectural systems four and six with a frequency of 15 and proportion √ 3 with a frequency of 9 have been the most used and the courtyard of the Abbasid house with 14 architectural systems and geometric proportions is the richest house in terms of applying geometric principles.

Serious efforts to understand the nature of Islamic art and architecture in the West began with the formation of the Age of Enlightenment in the eighteenth century and culminated in the nineteenth century. In the first half of the nineteenth century, researchers and historians looked at Islamic art with an ethnographic approach, emphasizing the role of climate, local geography, and racial characteristics as determining factors in the formation of art and architecture. In the second half of the century, they investigated Islamic art to find and determine general, universal, transhistorical, and timeless rules and ignoring climatic elements and ethnic characteristics. In the late nineteenth, Hegelian thought came to dominate the writing of art history, and Islamic art and architecture, based on the philosophical teachings of Hegel's history, were examined based on historical algebra and certainty. This approach emphasizes the unity of history and considers art and all human intellectual and cultural manifestations to come from a single spirit. Therefore, with such an approach, the works of Islamic art and architecture are considered as the continuation of Byzantine and Sassanid art based on the chronological sequence. From the middle of the twentieth century, in addition to the Sassanid and Byzantine roots of Islam art, the role of Islam and its connection with the works of art and architecture was also considered. Some researchers of Islamic art have considered it to be influenced by the ontology of Islam and have given its elements a religious and transcendent meaning. An example is Titus Burckhardt who explained the common values and characteristics of the traditional originated art, especially the Islamic tradition from the standpoint of religious revival called the traditionalism school; And the path of modern historians in the context of Orientalism, such as the Grabar model, which denies traditionalists disbelief in history and the existence of purely transhistorical truths in Islamic art. Now, since the mosque is the first and most important manifestation of Islamic buildings in which Islamic art has been formed; most of the studies by researchers and historians are about building a mosque. The present study deals with the comparative study of mosque architecture in the views of Titus Burckhardt of the traditionalist movement and Oleg Grabar of the historians. Despite the methodological differences in Burckhardt and Grabar's approaches and their interpretation and explanation of the architectural principles and elements of the mosque building, they explain Islamic architecture, especially elements of the mosque according to the role of religious component and both believe that the mosque is built on the foundations of other religions. Now the question is what influence their views have on the definition of Islamic architecture? Findings show that Burckhardt believes that the formation of architecture and its elements have been derived from the Islamic traditions while Grabar refers to Islam as a cultural component along with historical and social ones. The aim of this study is to find commonalities and differences between these two perspectives in Islamic architecture according to their specific approach.

Cities are shaped by the culture of a nation and reflect their identity. In the modern image of cities, Islamic identity is less considered. One of the most important aspects of the city's identity is meaning. Improper meaning of city image and its incompatibility with cultural values causes the undesirable identity of today's cities. Attention to this meaning can play a role as one of the most important identifying factors in the city. Considering Islamic principles and indicators in the formation of the city and its buildings in order to achieve Islamic identity of the city is considerable. The perceptual meaning of city's image is considered an Islamic meaning when the received messages are recognized in accordance with Islamic values. In this regard, this study evaluates the image of old and contemporary neighborhoods of Tabriz. In this way this study identifies the landmarks of the mentioned neighborhoods from the perspective of people's perception. Then it analyzes and reviews these landmarks perceptual meaning from the perspective of people's perception. It raises the question of what is the difference between the perceptual meaning of landmarks from the perspective of Islamic culture? Then it studies what do these landmarks correspond to the Islamic identity? The research method is descriptive-analytical. The first stage in the context of library studies reviews the sources and then uses the case study method, questionnaire, and field analysis to identify and examine landmarks. It examines these landmarks based on the semantic indicators derived from Islamic notions. The results indicate that landmarks of traditional neighborhoods have a religious function, and the landmarks of contemporary neighborhoods have a material function. Lack of attention to Islamic values has caused the appearance of contemporary neighborhoods to be significantly different from Islamic identity. Based on comparative findings, citizens' perceptions of architectural landmarks in the traditional neighborhood of Shotorban compared to the newly built neighborhood of Roshdiyeh, in three levels of formal-practical, mental-emotional, and value-symbolic meanings which are more compatible with semantic principles derived from Islamic Notions (divine-spiritual, social, environmental, and identity). The results indicate that the landmarks of traditional neighborhoods of perceptual meaning correspond to semantic indicators from the perspective of Islamic thought, while in contemporary neighborhoods the perceptual meaning of landmarks is far from Islamic principles and values. Since the citizens' perception of architectural landmarks in Shotorban and Roshdiyeh neighborhoods is based on traditional schemas and spatial patterns of traditional and contemporary living, it is possible to adopt strategies to improve citizens' understanding of architectural landmarks acted in physical, functional, and semantic dimensions.

Contemporary housing architecture in Iran in small towns and major cities is a multivariate issue. Among the various architectural practices, housing is both more effective and more influential than others. Housing, the formation of experimental projects, and the design and construction of new organized concepts of housing have taken place. The concept of the organizer is a solution that has already been discovered and tested in different contexts. One of the areas that needs conducting scientific research in various fields of architecture and urban planning due to the nascent structure of architecture and urban context, is the city of Ahvaz, which contains various examples of organizational corporate housing due to the development of various industries. This study aims to identify the architectural space, especially in the housing sector, establish patterns and components in organizational construction in the contemporary period, strengthen the existing cultural elements, realize the values in architecture in new site and recognize the works. The study also seeks a systematic plan to find new principles based on the concepts used based on the research method. Therefore, by considering these concepts, it intends to recognize the architectural components of desirable housing, which in other words are considered as internal and external factors; intends to know the characteristics of the concepts of architecture and urban planning in the residential complex. The main strategy of this research is based on the use of mixed methods, which are a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. This conceptual model will explain the concepts of organizing corporate housing, which will result in identifying and introducing general principles in terms of quantity and quality in corporate housing. The present mixed research method includes interpretive, descriptive methods, content analysis in the theoretical part and correlation methods, and field methods in the case studies. Statistics and descriptive and inferential findings to take appropriate quantitative and qualitative measures have been collected on the one hand according to the opinion of residents and on the other hand based on the opinion of experts and specialists, respectively. The result of the presented study is to explain the model containing the concepts of organizing the housing of Oil Company through the relationship between the quality characteristics of housing and the organizing components in this complex. Based on the research hypotheses, experts are focusing on the characteristics of the formation of organizational components and characteristics of corporate housing expressing the principles and concepts of infrastructure and residents, and carefully analyzing their needs and wants in the field of housing and the surrounding area play an important role in the process. Quantitative results show that by examining the internal and external concepts in the news site, cultural components resulting from the concepts of interior architecture and experimental-aesthetic and political-social components resulting from the concepts of exterior architecture show the highest percentage of satisfaction. Also among the items related to the questionnaires, the variability of housing; derived from physical-spatial concepts) of internal components and climatic comfort of external components are the most important. In the next section, the qualitative results of the experts' interviews show that in the internal characteristics of housing, attention to the structural and functionalfunctional components has the chief role and functional and experimental-aesthetic components are emphasized as the most important role among external factors. Finally, by considering the factors, human (internal and external organizing components) and experts and combining these factors, appropriate measures can be offered at three levels: short-term, medium-term and long-term.

Mosques have historically been the most important centers for the presence and gathering of the Muslims, and religious, social, economic and political programs have been planned and implemented in these centers. These roles have been played by mosques such as the Prophet's Mosque in Medina since the beginning of Islam, and in modern times, although some of the mosque's roles have been entrusted to other institutions, mosques are still considered the focal point for Islamic communities. Mosque, as the most important religious institution and one of the most prominent public buildings in the cities of Islamic societies, had important roles. However, some of these roles have been diminished. It seems that the changes in the patterns of architecture of mosques have been one of the factors influencing this issue. The relationship between the mass and space of the mosque, as a part of the architectural pattern, has a great impact on spatial quality. So a proper pattern of mass and space improves the quality of the place. Hence, this study tries to identify and analyze the mass and space pattern in mosques of Kashan and compare this system in old and new mosques. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and library methods have been used for data collection. In fact, first, with library studies, the concepts of mosque, mass and space were explained, then according to the aerial image and map of Kashan, the structure of mass and space in the old and new mosques of the city have been identified and then the collected information has been analyzed through descriptive statistics methods. Finally, a comparison has been made between the numerical and geometric pattern of mass and space in the old and new mosques of the city. It has been tried to answer the questions: "What is the geometric and numerical pattern of mass and space in mosques of Kashan city? " and "How does this system evolved in the new mosques of Kashan city? ". The findings indicate that the numerical pattern of mass and space in new and old mosques of Kashan has some differences. In fact, compared to the old ones, the average percentage of mass in the city's new mosques has increased. While the average percentage of open spaces in new mosques is reduced to less than half of the old mosques, more than half of the city's new mosques lack open space and are completely mass-built. Moreover, the central courtyard pattern, which is the most suitable pattern for hot and dry climate buildings and mosques, have been neglected in the mosques of this city and have been replaced by the southern courtyard pattern. Mass and space have a great impact on the quality of space and architectural sense and both are important and should be equally considered in the design of buildings, but nowadays more attention is paid to the mass in the construction of buildings. Mosques are not excluded from this, and while it has been emphasized to allocate open spaces, they are often constructed as a completely mass pattern or with an emphasis on mass.

In the contemporary world, due to crisis of meaning and loss of individual identity, the importance of paying attention to individual growth and attempt for self-actualization have become more and more apparent. Self-actualization is a biological and psychological necessity and the fundamental tendency of every human being to realize his / her potential capabilities is embedded in its existence from the beginning, so that they aspire to reach the highest level of selfawareness and integration of physical, social, mental, and emotional needs. Housing is one of the most important and essential needs of every human and one of the strongest physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual concepts in human life. Residential spaces are among the spaces that have the most use for human and humans are constantly interacting with them to the greatest extent. Therefore, due to the duration of presence and continuity of communication with the residential space, this space can be considered as having a great impact on people; thus considering the importance of the effects of the residential environment on people, it is necessary to design housing in such a way so as to clear the way for growth and prosperity of people. Because not paying attention to self-actualization will cause disruption in personal growth and development and in important spaces such as the housing, in addition to being harmful, it will prevent the formation of a meaningful relationship between the individual and space. So due to the mentioned necessity, the present study aims to provide the dimensions of design of residential complexes based on selfactualization of residents according to the perspective of experts, and the mixed research method (quantitativequalitative). The study population in this research is specialists in the field of architecture and urban planning and sampling has been done by snowball sampling method. This research is accepted using the Delphi exploratory survey method and according to the opinions of the members of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning of universities and in two stages: In the first stage, after the feedback interview with the experts, using the open and axial coding technique, the concepts are categorized and include: interactive environment, environmental attractiveness, security and comfort of the environment, nurturing environment, discoverable environment, controllable environment. Then goal-content table is formed and based on this, the researcher made the questionnaire. The survey was conducted in two rounds and the questionnaires were completed by experts in the field of architecture and urban planning. The obtained data were then fed into SPSS-23 software and analyzed using Q factor analysis, Pearson correlation test, and Friedman test, and finally, the most influential dimensions on the self-actualization process were identified from the experts’ perspective. The results of this study indicate that according to the opinions of experts in the dimensions: "Cognitive-semantic, perceptual-experimental, psychological-mental, interactive-social, physical-somatic, functional-activity" in the design of residential complexes can affect the self-actualization of residents and meanwhile it was found that psychological-mental, interactive-social and cognitive-semantic dimensions from the experts’ perspective are the most effective factors on self-actualization of residents of residential complexes.

The complexity and multidimensionality of urban problems and issues along with the rapid growth of technology and the globalization of production patterns, increasing and unstable conditions and the possibility of different futures have made it difficult to decide and plan on urban issues. In such a situation, planning and deciding on urban problems for the future becomes much more difficult. Based on this, the urban management of Tabriz metropolis is now dealing with challenges. Urbanization and urbanization make the system of urban society more complex. Now, one of the main challenges of the urban management system is a scientific solution to deal with the results arising from the complexity and multidimensionality of the urban society system with a focus on technology. The exponential growth of the urban population and finally the formation and physical and human accumulation of metropolises, the current and general trend of centralism and the disruption of the spatial order of distribution and distribution of facilities and urban population, which makes urban specialists and planners with increasing complexity. In terms of providing municipal services, providing housing and providing the necessary facilities and equipment, it has faced a blind alley. Today, most metropolises historical contexts are being destroyed and eroded, and based on this, to prevent further damage in these contexts urban management has adopted various methods to intervene and organize such areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the key indicators of regeneration in the historical and dilapidated context of District 8 of Tabriz metropolis. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. For data collection, mixed method based on interview and Delphi technique as well as documentary method and field study have been used. 12 experts and executives who had to be involved in the discussion were identified and selected, and then the most important drivers of effective reproduction were identified and scored using the Delphi method and a questionnaire. In this study, 40 indicators in the form of five physical-spatial, economic, socio-cultural, environmental and managerial-institutional components were used to explain the situation of regeneration of the area, to investigate the relationship and effects and extract factors from MICMAC software and to determine the possible future situations of recreating these factors and the relationships between them were analyzed and ranked. The results of this study show that out of 40 indicators studied, 10 indicators include government investment and injection of project funds, urban rules and regulations, citizen participation, urban development plans, land and housing prices, urban unit management, supervision and inspection, local economy, Network development and inflation are known as the key indicators. Also, in relation to key factors, 10 favorable top, middle and critical scenarios were presented in relation to the impermeability and micro-fineness of texture, land use and instability of historical buildings. In each zone the increase of collective participation and allocation of economic resources and more facilities to the buildings in which seismic improvement measures were performed have been of higher importance than the whole building (locally or in general).