Religions and Mysticism
Year:2012 | Volume:45 | Issue:1|Papers Count:7

Fourteen Sufi orders mentioned in the mystical resources are called Ma’roofieh, because all of them lead back to Ma’roof-e-karkhi through Junayd and his master, Sari-e-Saqati. By studying the biographies of these Sufis, it becomes clear that the previous claim about them is not correct and only few of them lead back to Ma’roofieh. For instance the origin of Nematollahieh and Naqshbandieh orders could not be proved.Therefore, this article, by investigating the sub-branches of these orders, disapproves the previous accepted theory about these fourteen schools.

Religious texts of Zoroastrianism and Judaism, represents Jewish religious thought and Zoroastrians in the millennium B.C., in which the contribution of the occult beings in the creation and administration of world has been clearly Is mentioned.According to the Avesta, Ahoorah Mazda created the Good World by assistance of heavenly being named, Spenta Maynioo and administrates it along with Fravashis, xwarrah & Amesha Spentas.According to the Old Testament, God created the universe by the Divine Forces: the Spirit of God, Angels, & completed its administration by them.This article first introduces & expounds the nature and function of each of invisible troops mentioned in Avesta and the Old Testament, and shows the differences and specially similarities between them.

Although Ferdawsi’s Shahname and Indian Mahabharata at first sight are known as epic poems, unexpectedly are unique full treasures of moral teachings and ouhghts and non-oughts and reflex the realities, circumstances and culture of their times as a light and briliant mirror. Their mooted ethical (moral) facts and matters include vast spectrum that not only contain the common and universal morals, which apply to all human individuals in every time, place and circumstances, but embrace morals of different classes and trades of the society. This research is intended to study ethical (moral) facts and matters of these works and to examine them with current viewpoints of the philosopty of ethics and so, to give an appropriate answer about the concept of ethics (morals) in these great and prominent poems and to find out that the propounded ethics (morals) in them is more similiar than to what kind of ethics (morals).

The Hosn or Beauty is one of the most important topics in the theosophical thought. At the first glance, it seems that the word of Hosn or its Persian equivalent "Nikoii" has moral implication. Words such as beneficence (Ihsan) and beneficent (Mohsen), which derives from Hosn have moral application. This fact implies that discussion of beauty or Hosnin Islamic theosophy is not a mere aesthetical one.And in a way, we must explain the relation of beauty and morality in this field. By presenting general definition of Hosnand its kinds, this article attempts to provide a background to this relation. In other word, the goal of this paper is to find a metaphysical base for this connection.

Leaving some important elements of the traditional phenomenology of religion aside, Ninian Smart proposes the dynamic phenomenology of religion or, in other words, the historical- comparative method, the main concern of which is to set evolutions of religious phenomena in their historical context. He holds that there are two mistakes in contemporary religious studies and philosophy of religion: the first is separation of religion and religions from the whole worldviews and the second is that they concern too little with existing religions and, in other words, they are culturally tribal. He also regards as insufficient the explanation of the phenomenon of religion and human life in terms of traditional religions alone. So he holds that the scope of religious studies must be developed to worldviews. He regards the analysis of worldviews to be the heart of his study of religion and defines other components of his theory, including world religion, in relation to it. But his view concerning the nature and relation of religion and worldview is confused.

In the latest decades, in west, human perception was precisely explored, and was questioned in some areas.Tabatabaeitook a realist position in epistemology. To defend his position, he began to study human knowledge and perception. To avoid skepticism, he gave great importance tointuitive knowledge and based human knowledge on it.Intuitive knowledge is the knowledge of the soul of itself, its faculties, and its interactions and … This article studies theory of intuitive knowledge and its application on Tabatabaei’s mystical views. According to his theory, by reducing self-employment to body, human being can know abstract entities byintuitive knowledge.

Junayd Baghdadiis one of the greatest mystics and theorist of the first mystical tradition. His speeches about Cognition andTowhid (monotheism) are very valuable.Attending to different levels of audiences, He has mentioned different stages for Towhid. His remarks about Towhid prove that both mystical practices and mystical vision play an important role for achieving the stage of Towhid. To reach the high level of Towhid, Junayd make a relation between practical and intellectual faculties. This article attempts to study Towhid in Junayd's view, with a new and effective model (Interaction of practical and intellectual faculties). On the one hand, reaching the stage of Towhid depends on the practical faculty. On the other hand, it depends on the intellectual faculty and mystical vision.