Geography and Environmental Sustainability
Year:2016 | Volume:6 | Issue:18 |Papers Count:7

Since the main theme of any geographical analysis is the emphasis on space and its environmental concepts، any change in the relationship between humans and the urban environment can be considered as the final production of human desire to change their settlement areas to overcome the environmental and spatial nature of the city. Accordingly، the present study attempts to analyze the spatial transformations in the urban environment scale by utilizing the natural step foresight approach in the context of urban environment indicators. Therefore، descriptive-analytical studies، documentary and questionnaire in the frame of Delphi model and software analyses were applied. After holding the initial discussion sessions with 50 academic elites and executive’ s managers of Mashhad city، as statistical research society، 78 variables were identified in the frame of 16 general classifications. In continuous، the primary variables were defined in the Mic Mac and Scenario wizard future study software’ s in the context of cross-impact matrix. Then، the statistical society were asked to assess the variables in term of the direct، indirect and potential influence-dependence rates in the range of 0 (null) to 3 (strong influence). The results showed that the obtained fill rate is equal to 95. 79% with two data iterations representing the high level of variables influencing each other. Based on the findings، integrated urban environmental management index (ME4) with 188 scores has the most direct impact on other variables، while development and the promotion of urban recycling regulations index with calculated linear value of 5، 585، 944 had the most indirect impact on other key variables. Finally، considering the identified key driving forces، the favorable، middle and tragedy scenarios were presented.

Protecting the watershed against future scenarios، an assessment of the sustainability of watersheds، based on water resources sustainability indicators of sustainable development in the catchment is necessary. In this study، not only the indicators of sustainable water resources and watershed sustainability indicators but also WEAP simulation model output have been calculated in Excel. Indicators of sustainable water resources survey quantity، availability of surface and ground water resources and watershed sustainability indicators have been achieved combining indicators of reliability، resiliency and vulnerability. In this respect، two scenarios in the Gamasiab catchment are defined. One contains only Jamyshan dam and other one three dams Jamyshan، Gheshlagh and Anahita، management alternatives to maintain stability of watershed were simulated and sustainability indicators were calculated. Finally، the best Executive Option in each scenario was obtained using multi-criteria decision analysis and compromise programing method. In the scenario، Jamyshan dam is the only best structural strategy to improve the sustainability of the combination of decrease losses and increase water efficiency alternative، besides، in the scenario three dams are the best strategy to the decrease losses.

Excessive centralization of population and facilities in Tehran، increases urban problems in the capital، on the one hand، and causes increasing problems in other geographical areas of Iran، on the other hand. Besides، it consequently is threatening the security and development of the country. Various schemes have been proposed to manage this situation. The present study aims to gather and classify the data choosing the best solution to organize the capital of Iran. The current article is the exploratory-analytical one، applied research using library and field data collection (questionnaires and interviews). The solutions were classified in the form of five main options and rating criteria including the ability to run، speed of execution، influencing volume، lower operating costs، economic considerations، political and environmental security. They are then determined by using AHP technique. The most important organization options are prioritized as the following، the internal organization of Tehran، decentralization، territorial approach، creating and strengthening poles rival to Tehran and transferring the capital. Therefore، national authorities are suggested to concentrate on the Tehran problems instead of wasting the time thinking of transferring the capital.

This study is based on the purpose of application aiming to develop the dimensions and factors affecting the ability of rural people in order to develop their entrepreneurship. The present study investigate the role of empowerment of villagers in the entrepreneurship development، a case study of villagers in the central part of Hashtroud. As a matter of fact، the development of the villages and leaving the present problems in economic، social-cultural and environmental ground needs the tendency toward efficient arenas. One of these arenas is entrepreneurs which has been emphasized in the world. 21 century is called the century of entrepreneur’ s century. One of the most important strategies for sustainable rural development is the development of rural entrepreneurship. Method: The approach of this research is survey with cross sectional study. The study population included all entrepreneurs with a history of successful entrepreneurship is at least five years. The foundation of their work is based on innovation. Because of limitations in the presence of the entrepreneurs that they comply with the minimum criteria could be considered entrepreneurs، entrepreneurs active in the area of which 63 people were involved in this study. Findings: The results showed that in all the villages studied، personal component of the index، which was evaluated in four dimensions Villagers tend to be more entrepreneurial activities tend to meet their individual desires and perceptions that prevail items such as profits، business and social prestige have been raised are interested in entrepreneurial approach.

The optimization of conceptual rainfall-runoff model parameters is important in calibration whose goal is determining the values of the model parameters providing the best fit between observed and estimated flows data. In this research، the performance of probabilistic optimization techniques was studied for calibrating the SIMHYD model in Khorramabad watershed with the area of 2467 square kilometers. These techniques for calibration are consist of genetic algorithms (GA)، Shuffled Complex Evolution method developed at the University of Arizona (SCE-UA)، Uniform Random Sampling (URS) and Rosenbrock algorithm. The results showed that changing the optimization algorithms has an important effect on the performance of conceptual model. So that، the values of Nash-Sutcliff (NS) coefficient for used algorithms were derived as 0. 73، 0. 72، 0. 70 and 0. 75، respectively. Compared with the others، the Rosenbrock algorithm had more performance، thus this algorithm was selected to simulate SIMHYD model for calibration during the period، from 2004 to 2008 and for validation during the period from 2009 to 2010. The values of coefficients NS، RMSE and R in calibration period were derived 0. 73، 0. 66 and 0. 86، respectively and in validation period، they were 0. 68، 0. 80 and 0. 83، respectively. The results showed that optimization algorithms in simulating SIMHYD model had high accuracy to identify the parameter values and they are suitable for the study area. Therefore using hydrological models and selecting the appropriate optimization techniques، we could simulate the watersheds flows with highly accuracy.

Strategic approach is a new approach to urban planning theory that has replaced approaches such as Centralized and systematic planning in the early seventies of the twentieth century. Cycle approach، process and partnership، as an appropriate model، can replace centralized approach to comprehensive planning features uncompromising and unrealistic used in developing countries، including our country. A collection of study library and reference documents relevant original research were used. Moreover، experts’ points of view were applied to evaluate the research of survey questionnaires and interviews. It is worth noting that some surveys were in writing format (using email)، while some were done in person. After the polls and editing them، different opinions were categorized and analyzed. Furthermore، one sample T and linear regression analysis and logarithmic are used to analyze the data statistically. The research findings reveal that Attitude-Knowledge Factors based on expert opinion is obtained due to the low base for its difference from the average trend toward greater priority to strategic planning and secondly، the fourth component of the attitude-knowledge، normative-behavior، communication and formal-institutional significant affect the process of change and acceptance of Iran's strategic approach directly in urban planning.

Inappropriate use of pesticides and fertilizers in Iran has led to severe damages on soil and water resources; reduce the fertility and performance of the lands، environmental contamination، and damage to the ecological cycle of nature and health problems for humans، animals and the environment. Despite some planning and measures taken in this regard، monitoring and evaluation of agricultural sustainability and selection of the most suitable ways to move from the current status to the desirable situation remains essential. The main purpose of this study is to review the factors affecting agricultural sustainability on wheat farms in Kermanshah County. Based on a surveying method، the research statistical population consist of irrigated wheat farmers who were working agriculture in Kermanshah County. 300 farmers were selected based on Kerjcie and Morgan table. Questionnaire was the main tool for data gathering. In addition to the questionnaire، interview technique also has been used. The validity of indices and questions in the questionnaire was verified by a group of experts. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire a Chronbach alpha test was used and the calculated amount (0. 82) showed an acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. To analyze data، a number of different tests in particular multiple regression were used through SPSS software. The results showed that the majority of farmers' farms (74. 6%) were in the unsustainable situation. The results showed no significant relationship between age and education level with the sustainability of farms، but there was a significant relationship between performance and land ownership variables with the sustainability of agricultural farms. The results also showed that the improvement situation of sustainability، for Kermanshah farmers are under effect of variables like agri-technical، social and economic، and extension education respectively more than other factors.