JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL STUDIES OF ISLAM
Year:2014 | Volume:6 | Issue:20|Papers Count:10

The historical witnesses evidence that Seyfi Hasani Saadaat have a long past in the local history of Qazvin. After the victory and establishment of Safavid government and acceptance of society’s official religion, this group established a close interaction with the new government. This religious connection as well as enjoyment of virtual power of lordship, transformed their social position to an aristocratic class and superior citizens in Iran’s society. They maintain their faithfulness and loyalty relationship toward Safavid kings anyway, and this way of behavior led to their constant and permanent position of all those centuries. The comparatively pervasive presence of Hasani Seyfis in religious and bureaucratic Safavid constitution, particularly in positions such as ministry, chancellorship and judgeship represents Safavid kings trust and assurance toward their elites abilities. This study, by using descriptive- analytical method and focusing on authentic resources attempts to provide a precise and documented picture of Seyfi Saadaat’s social position and activities in the Safavid dynasty in addition of their genealogy.

Golestan e Eram was written by Abbasqulu Agha Bakikhanov. This book is one of the most important local history works on Shirvan and Dagestan in the 19th century.Bakikhanov was linked to the Russian government. He was part of the Russo-Iranian wars and Treaty of Gulistan.“Golestan e Eram” was written in Persian. However, other Persian historians on Iran and Caucasus, wrote unscientific works full of subjectivity. Using analytic-descriptive method and relying on library sources, this study attempts to fully introduce this work as well as to analyze its content and writing style.

The geographical endeavor of Ahmad Ibn Anas Al-Udhri well known as Ibn Dalaee, transmitter and writer of Hadith and an Andalusian historian has been ignored in the existing biographies in about him. While Tarsic Al-akhbar va Tanvic Al-asar as the only remaining of work the reveals that he was not only familiar with the knowledge of his era like history and Hadith, but also he worked on Geography and shows that he preferred Geography to History. The present paper throush descriptive-analytical method has tried to study and categorize the geographical information of the book and to analysis this part of Udhri scientific life which has been ignored. The findings show that Uudhri has not remained limited on statements of its predecessors, but rather develps descriptive geography and its tools and types specially writing marvelous things (Ajacib).

In the second half of the fifth century AH, The political and economic crises in the Fatimid Khalifat and their conflicts with the Seljuks in Sham led to the establishment of local governments in the region. The most prominent of these governments was the Banu Ammar state government in Tripoli. Banu Ammar governors whose policies were more efficient than the Fatimids' and the Seljuks' managed to maintain their independency and establish their self-government. Banu Ammar's ten-year resistance to the Crusaders was achieved by virtue of their tolerant policies. Finally, the lack of Muslim governments' support for Banu Ammar, along with internal rebellions in Tripoli led to the fall of the city against the Crusaders. This study by applying the library method and making use of original sources deals with this government's attitudes towards and its political relations with the Seljuks, Fatimids and the Crusaders.

Sasani empire’s fall and the arrival Arab Muslem in Iran cause the mixing of Iranians with Islamic society. Dabirs held important Rositions and influenced manners and traditions specially in administrative and statecraft ceremonies. With Iranian influence in the Abbasid caliphate, caliph's utilized Persian customs. Mawali and new Muslim Iranians were in the Porefront of the Abbasid administrative organization. They started tasks in Umavid period to get special situation in Abbasid caliphate.In fact Iranain Mawali who started their tasks as Kattib continue with the arrival Divani dynasties in Abbasid time.Emergence of Vezir, emphasising on religion and state unity, and finally transmition tasks of Vezirs to kottab, trans Pormed their role in the Abbasid caliphate.This research endeavors througha descriptive and analytical manner and the study of historical of the source to study the kattib's task in administrative organization of the Abbasid, also to represent their duty in change and development of administrative organization.

The Bulgarian group of Turks were living in Central Asia Islamic history and Islamic civilization in the land of Kipchak. In this paper, the ups and downs of this process and causes the led them to migrate to areas with good dimate in Central Asia and Russia, and the interact letween them and the Muslims and the Islamic Caliphate and the Mongol and Turk rulers are discussed, lased on geographical resources.

After the death of Moaviah bn Yazid, (64 AH/ 683 AD) the Umayyad Caliphate faced a serious challenge that brought it to the verge of extinction. Powerful claimant such as Shiites, Zobairids and Khawarij rose in every corner of Caliphate realm, But with the Mrvanieds rise to power and emergence of Abdolmalik ibn Marvan in the political sphere and using Their powerful rulers as Hjjaj ibn Yusof Thaqafi, The Umayyad managed to restore lost power once again.Hajjaj, using the violent policies, involved all in his power for suppressing the dissents, and tranquilized the center of protest (Hijaz and Iraq) and by developing the conquests in eastern parts of Islamic world, obtained the necessary revenue for Umayyad government.This essay tries to survey Hajjaj’s rule in reconsolidation and stabilization of Umayyad Caliphate, with reference to his life and political carrier.

In the late sixth or the early seventh year A.H, the Prophet's Seal was made for sealing his letters to the governors of neighboring lands. This seal was round and a kind of ring seals on which the phrase “ محمد رسول اله “ had been carved in three lines. Its material and gem as it has been narrated was of Abyssinian stone and different metals such as Copper, Iron and Silver. After the decease of the Prophet, this seal was obtained by Abu- Bakr, Omar and Osman to validate their letters and writings. In about the year 30 A.H, the Prophet's Seal fell in to the Aris Well (nearby Medina). This seal was no longer found but a similar one was made by Osman. So some of the Caliph's letters were sealed by the real Khatam in addition to those sealed letters the Prophet. The features of this seal in the old Islamic texts indicate the first measures and necessities for a governmental system in the early years of Islam. The use of writing instead of image, round form, three line composition and religious slogans have been used in Islamic seals since this point in time and was continued during the historical era of Islam.

Throughout their history, Muslims have used various weapons during their wars before the invention of the cannon. For example, they would use special devices in a siege battle the function of which was to destroy the defensive city walls. We can identify the catapult as the most important and efficient of these instruments. During the median centuries of Islam, various types of this weapon such as ballista, trebuchet, Mangonel and Springald and Maritime; Arabi, Farangi, turki, sultani etc… aided Muslims tremendously during war and the course of its evolution went parallel to the evolution of the defensive city walls; to the extent where different types of this weapon were designed and built in the Islamic world. Up to now certain and clear divisions of the various types of catapults have not been provided. In the present paper we aim to divide the various types of catapults based in their mechanism and method of operation, type of construction, operation and projectiles and explain each one’s effect and operation.

Poisoning was common strategiy used for eliminating the political opposition which has been usual among different states. It could be so secretly and subtly done that the criminal would be unknown for long time. The first caliph, who utilized this method to remove his opponents, was Muawiyah. In this descriptive-analytic research through the present historical sources, we studied the methods and motivations of Muawiyah and how he chose the performers for eliminating his opponents by poisoning. The study affirms that Muawiyah used poisoning to eliminate some of his political opponents neither leaving any traces nor letting any reactions to arise. In order to implement his plans, Muawiyah considered their personal and financial incentives and tried to provide them with intelligent strategies to use the appropriate opportunities while committing the crime successfully.